tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78541437493556876242024-02-02T14:50:07.859+07:00Blush Onnatasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-33836499116479967812012-04-17T20:47:00.000+07:002012-04-17T20:47:40.238+07:00Demokrasi: Antara Teori dan Pelaksanaannya di Indonesia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengantar: Arti, Makna, dan Manfaat
Demokrasi</span></b></div>
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Demokrasi berasal dari kata
Yunani <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">demos</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kratos</i>. Demos artinya rakyat, kratos berarti pemerintahan. Jadi,
demokrasi artinya pemerintahan rakyat, yaitu pemerintahan yang rakyatnya
memegang peranan yang sangat menentukan.</div>
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<u>Manfaat Demokrasi</u></div>
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Manfaat demokrasi di antaranya
sebagai berikut:</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kesetaraan
Sebagai Warga Negara</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi
bertujuan memperlakukan semua orang adalah sama dan sederajat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Memenuhi
Kebutuhan-kebutuhan Umum</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Semakin besar
suara rakyat dalam menentukan kebijakan, semakin besar pula kemungkinan
kebijakan itu mencerminkan keinginan dan aspirasi-aspirasi rakyat. Rakyat
biasalah yang merasakan pengaruh kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah dalam praktiknya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pluralisme
dan Kompromi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi
mengandalkan debat terbuka, persuasi, dan kompromi. Demokrasi mengisyaratkan
kebhinekaan dan kemajemukan dalam masyarakat maupun kesamaan kududukan di
antara para warga Negara. Dan ketika kebhinekaan seperti itu terungkap, metode
demokratis untuk mengatasi perbedaan-perbedaan adalah lewat diskusi, persuasi,
kompromi, dan bukan dengan pemaksaan kekuasaan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menjamin
Hak-hak Dasar</div>
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Demokrasi
menjamin kebebasan-kebebasan dasar. Diskusi terbuka sebagai metode mengungkapkan
dan mengatasi masalah-masalah perbedaan dalam kehidupan sosial tidak dapat
terwujud tanpa kebebasan-kebebasan yang ditetapkan dalam konvensi tentang
hak-hak sipil dan politis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pembaruan
Kehidupan Sosial</div>
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Demokrasi
memungkinkan terjadinya pembaruan kehidupan sosial. Penghapusan
kebijakan-kebijakan yang telah using secara rutin dan penggantian para politisi
dilakukan dengan cara yang santun dan damai, menjadikan sistem demokratis mampu
menjamin pembaruan kehidupan sosial.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilai-nilai Demokrasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sebuah pemerintahan yang baik
dapat tumbuh dan stabil bila masyarakat pada umumnya punya sikap positif dan
proaktif terhadap norma-norma dasar demokrasi. Oleh sebab itu, harus ada
keyakinan yang luas di masyarakat bahwa demokrasi adalah sistem pemerintahan
yang terbaik dibanding dengan sistem lainnya. Untuk menumbuhkan keyakinan akan
baiknya sistem demokrasi, maka harus ada pola perilaku yang menjadi tuntunan
atau norma/nilai-nilai demokrasi yang diyakini masyarakat. Nilai-nilai dari
demokrasi membutuhkan hal-hal berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kesadaran
akan pluralism. Masyarakat yang hidup demokratis harus menjaga keberagaman yang
ada di masyarakat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sikap
yang jujur dan pikiran yang sehat. Pengambilan keputusan didasarkan pada
prinsip musyawarah mufakat, dan memerhatikan kepentingan masyarakat pada
umumnya,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
membutuhkan kerja sama antarwarga masyarakat dan sikap serta itikad baik.
Demokrasi membutuhkan kerja sama antaranggota masyarakat, untuk mengambil
keputusan yang disepakati semua pihak. Masyarakat yang terkotak-kotak dan penuh
curiga kepada masyarakat lainnya mengakibatkan demokrasi tidak berjalan dengan
baik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
membutuhkan sikap kedewasaan. Demokrasi mengharuskan adanya kesadaran untuk
dengan tulus menerima kemungkinan kompromi atau kekalahan dalam pengambilan keputusan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
membutuhkan pertimbangan moral. Demokrasi mewajibkan adanya keyakinan bahwa
cara mencapai kemenangan haruslah sejalan dengan tujuan dan berdasarkan moral serta
tidak menghalalkan segala cara.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip dan Parameter Demokrasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Menurut Robert A. Dahl terdapat
tujuh prinsip demokrasi yang harus ada dalam sistem pemerintahan, yaitu:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya
control atau kendali atas keputusan pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya
pemilihan yang lebih teliti dan jujur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya
hak memilih dan dipilih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya
kebebasan menyatakan pendapat tanpa ancaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya
kebebasan mengakses informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya
kebebasan berserikat yang terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parameter untuk mengukur demokrasi dapat dilihat dari empat
hal, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan
pemerintahan melalui pemilu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
pertanggungjawaban pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaturan
sistem dan distribusi kekuasaan Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengawasan
oleh rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-jenis Demokrasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
berdasarkan cara menyampaikan pendapat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi langsung</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Rakyat diikutsertakan dalam proses pengambilan
keputusan untuk menjalankan kebijakan pemerintahan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi tidak langsung atau demokrasi
perwakilan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi ini dijalankan oleh rakyat melalui wakil
rakyat yang dipilihnya melalui pemilu. Rakyat memilih wakilnya untuk membuat
keputusan politik. Aspirasi rakyat disalurkan melalui wakil-wakil rakyat yang
duduk di lembaga perwakilan rakyat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi perwakilan dengan sistem pengawasan langsung
dari rakyat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi ini merupakan campuran antara demokrasi
langsung dengan demokrasi perwakilan. Rakyat memilih wakilnya untuk duduk di
dalam lembaga perwakilan rakyat, tetapi wakil rakyat dalam menjalankan tugasnya
diawasi rakyat melalui referendum dan inisiatif rakyat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Referendum adalah pemungutan suara untuk mengetahui
kehendak rakyat secara langsung.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
Berdasarkan Titik Perhatian atau Prioritas</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi Formal</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi ini secara hukum menempatkan semua orang
dalam kedudukan yang sama dalam bidang politik, tanpa mengurangi kesenjangan
ekonomi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi Material</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi material memandang manusia mempunyai
kesamaan dalam bidang sosial-ekonomi, sehingga persamaan bidang politik tidak
menjadi prioritas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi Campuran</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi ini merupakan campuran dari kedua demokrasi
tersebut diatas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Berdasarkan
Prinsip Ideologi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi Liberal</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi ini memberikan kebebasan yang luas pada
individu. Campur tangan pemerintah diminimalkan bahkan ditolak.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi rakyat atau demokrasi proleter</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Demokrasi ini bertujuan menyejahterahkan rakyat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Berdasarkan
Wewenang dan Hubungan antar Alat Kelengkapan Negara.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi Sistem Parlementer</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Ciri-ciri pemerintahan parlementer antara lain:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>DPR lebih kuat daripada pemerintah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kepala pemerintahan/kepala eksekutif disebut
Perdana Menteri dan memimpin kabinet dengan sejumlah menteri yang bertanggung
jawab kepada DPR.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Program kebijakan kabinet disesuaikan dengan
tujuan politik anggota parlemen.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kedudukan kepala Negara terpisah dari Kedudukan
Pemerintahan. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jika pemerintah dianggap tidak mampu, maka
anggota DPR (parlemen) dapat meminta mosi tidak percaya kepada parlemen untuk
membubarkan pemerintah. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Demokrasi Sistem Presidensial</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Ciri-ciri pemerintahan yang menggunakan sistem
presidensial adalah sebagai berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Negara dikepalai presiden.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kekuasaan eksekutif presiden dijalankan
berdasarkan kedaulatan yang dipilih dari dan oleh rakyat langsung atau melalui
badan perwakilan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Presiden mempunyai kekuasaan mengangkat dan
memberhentikan menteri.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menteri tidak bertanggung jawab kepada DPR
melainkan kepada presiden.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelaksanaan Demokrasi di Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
Parlementer (Liberal)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
Terpimpin</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
Pancasila pada Era Orde Baru</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Demokrasi
Langsung pada Era Orde Reformasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengembangkan Sikap Demokrasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Untuk mengembangkan sikap
demokrasi, maka proses pembelajaran dan pendidikan akan lebih efektif bila
dimulai dari dalam keluarga dan dalam dunia pendidikan formal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan
oleh masyarakat dan pemerintah dalam proses belajar demokrasi antara lain:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mendidik
masyarakat untuk bersikap dewasa.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mendorong
sikap ksatria dengan mengakui kekalahan, atau bersikap siap menang dan siap
kalah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengembangkan
sikap menghargai perbedaan pendapat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menggunakan
mekanisme demokrasi untuk mencari titik perbedaan pendapat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menghilangkan
penggunaan tindakan kekerasan dalam menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengembangkan
sikap yang sensitif dan empati terhadap kepentingan rakyat yang lebih luas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengembangkan
kerja sama antaranggota masyarakat dengan pikiran yang logis dan itikad baik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengembangkan
masyarakat untuk aktif dalam memberikan pengawasan.</div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-75109037160988289762012-03-31T20:46:00.000+07:002012-03-31T20:48:21.644+07:00karakter dan jiwa demokratis serta visi misi pendidikan<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Setiap warga Negara harus memiliki karakter atau
jiwa yang demokratis, antara lain:</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Rasa hormat dan tanggung jawab </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Rasa hormat,
merupakan kemampuan untuk melihat nilai di dalam diri kita dan orang lain.
Butuh emosi, kognitif, serta kematangan sosial. Membangun rasa menghormati
adalah tantangan seumur hidup, namun prosesnya dimulai sejak dini. <span lang="IN"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Contoh rasa hormat : <span class="a"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">sikap menghargai pendapat orang lain dalam
bermusyawarah.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">Tanggung jawab adalah sifat
terpuji yang mendasar dalam diri manusia. Setiap individu memiliki sifat ini.
Ia akan semakin membaik bila kepribadian orang tersebut semakin meningkat. Ia
akan selalu ada dalam diri manusia karena pada dasarnya setiap insan tidak bisa
melepaskan diri dari kehidupan sekitar yang menunutut kepedulian dan tanggung
jawab. Inilah yang menyebabkan frekwensi tanggung jawab masing-masing individu
berbeda. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Contoh
bertanggung jawab : <span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">mengakui</span></span><span class="l6"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">kesalahan</span></span><span class="l6"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span></span><span class="a"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">kit</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">a</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">dan</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">menanggung</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">hukuman</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">yang</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">seh</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">aru</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">snya</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Bersikap kritis</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Bersikap kritis
artinya seseorang dituntut menjadi seseorang yang selalu memiliki idealisme,
kepekaan dan kepedulian sosial, serta keberanian menyatakan kebenaran terhadap
penerapan suatu ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Jalannya roda penerapan
peraturan perundang-undangan merupakan salah satu bagian dari ruang kontribusi
masyarakat kritis. Menyaksikan fakta pemerintahan yang belum sepenuhnya
berjalan baik dan berpihak pada kemaslahatan masyarakat, masyarakat perlu
bertanggung jawab melakukan kontrol lewat sikap kritis-konstruktif.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>Contoh bersikap kritis : anti korupsi.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Membuka diskusi dan dialog</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Dialog adalah
proses komunikasi antara 2 atau lebih agen, dalam dialog makna harus
dipertimbangkan agar memenuhi kaidah semantis dan pragmatis. Dalam dialog
terjadi pertukaran pokok pembicaraan. </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Bersifat terbuka</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 300.0pt;">
<b>Sesuainya ucapan lisan dengan
kenyataan.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>Contoh : <span class="a"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">menghargai pendapat orang lain dalam
bermusyawarah.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Rasional</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Rasional diambil
dari kata bahasa inggris rational
yang mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definisi" title="Definisi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">definisi</span></a>
yaitu dapat diterima oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal" title="Akal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">akal</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikiran" title="Pikiran"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">pikiran</span></a> dapat ditalar sesuai dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemampuan" title="Kemampuan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">kemampuan</span></a>
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">otak</span></a>.Hal-hal yang rasional
adalah suatu hal yang di dalam prosesnya dapat dimengerti sesuai dengan
kenyataan dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitas" title="Realitas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">realitas</span></a>
yang ada.Biasanya kata rasional ditujukan untuk suatu hal atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kegiatan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kegiatan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">kegiatan</span></a> yang masuk diakal
dan diterima dengan baik oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">masyarakat</span></a> . Rasional juga berarti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma" title="Norma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">norma</span></a> - <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma" title="Norma"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">norma</span></a> yang sudah baku di
dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">masyarakat</span></a>
dan telah menjadi suatu hal yang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biasa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Biasa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">biasa</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permanen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Permanen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">permanen</span></a>.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Contoh
dari tindakan rasional antara lain seperti:</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Seorang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penjahat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penjahat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">penjahat</span></a>
diadili karena kejahatannya</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Seseorang akan lebih berhati hati pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam" title="Malam"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">malam</span></a>
hari</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Jujur</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>Jujur
dalam arti sempit adalah sesuainya ucapan lisan dengan kenyataan. Dan dalam
pengertian yang lebih umum adalah sesuainya lahir dan batin.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>Contoh
: mengakui kesalahan.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span> </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Visi Dan Misi</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Visi adalah
suatu pandangan jauh tentang perubahan, tujuan - tujuan dan apa yang harus
dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut pada masa yang akan datang. Visi itu
tidak dapat dituliskan secara lebih jelas menerangkan detail gambaran sistem
yang ditujunya, dikarenakan perubahan ilmu serta situasi yang sulit diprediksi
selama masa yang panjang tersebut.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Misi adalah
pernyataan tentang apa yang harus dikerjakan oleh lembaga dalam usahanya
mewujudkan Visi. Misi adalah tujuan dan
alasan mengapa perusahaan itu ada. Misi juga akan memberikan arah sekaligus
batasan proses pencapaian tujuan.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Visi Dari Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Berdasarkan Keputusan Dirjen Dikti No. 43 / Dikti / Kep / 2006</b><b>,
terdapat visi dan misi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan sebagai berikut:</b>
</div>
<b>
Visi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di perguruan tinggi adalah merupakan sumber
nilai dan pedoman dalam pengembangan dan penyelenggaraan program studi, guna
mengantarkan mahasiswa mementapkan kepribadiannya sebagai manusia seutuhnya.
Hal ini berdasarkan pada suatu realitas yang dihadapi, bahwa mahasiswa adalah
sebagai generasi bangsa yang harus memiliki visi intelektual, religiuus,
berkeadaban, berkemanusiaan dan cinta tanah air dan bangsanya.</b><br />
<b><span class="fullpost">Misi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Perguruan tinggi adalah
untuk membantu mahasiswa memantapkan kepribadiannya, agar secara konsisten
mampu mewujudkan nilai-nilai dasar Pancasila, rasa kebangsaan dan cinta tanah
air da;lam menguasai, menerapkan dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi
dan seni dengan rasa tanggung jawab dan bermoral.</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span class="fullpost">- Natasya Zefanya </span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
</div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-1251814931834101282011-12-05T14:23:00.001+07:002011-12-05T14:27:42.891+07:00contoh perusahaan koperasi<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b>Koperasi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.5pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Koperasi adalah usaha
bersama yang memiliki organisasi berdasarkan atas azaz kekeluargaan . Koperasi
bertujuan untuk menyejahterahkan anggotanya. Dilihat dari lingkunganyya
koperasi dabat dibagi menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Koperasi Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Koperasi Pegawai Republik Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->KUD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Koperasi Konsumsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Koperasi Simpan Pinjam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Koperasi Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Contoh Perusahaan berbasis koperasi
adalah KOSPIN JASA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Koperasi Simpan Pinjam
Jasa sejak berdiri telah menerapkan manajerial sistem. Rapat anggota sebagai
kekuasaan tertinggi memilih pengurus dan pengawas dari anggota untuk masa jabatan
5 tahun dengan formasi ketiga etnis yang ada. Pengurus bertindak sbegai <i>policy
maker </i>dan pengawas operasional serta hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan
segi organisasi koperasi. Dalam aktifitasnya beberapa pengurus ditunjuk sebagai
supervisi sesuai dengan sistem operasional yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Operasional sehari –hari
dipegang / dikuasakan kepada Kepala Divisi, yang terdiri dari : Kepala Divisi
Pengelolaan Dana, Kepala Divisi Operasional dan Pemasaran, Kepala Divisi
Pinjaman dan Kepala Divisi Pengawasan dengan dibantu oleh Kepala Bagian Kantor
Pusat dan pimpinan cabang beserta staf-staf. Untuk mengefektifkan kerja telah
diangkat asisten pengurus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> Manajemen setiap
bulan mengadakan rapat pleno untuk mengevaluasi kerja bulan yang telah lalu dan
menetapkan kebijakan - kebijakan yang akan ditempuh pada bulan mendatang.
Sistem pengawasan intern dilakukan oleh divisi pengawasan yang dibantu oleh
beberapa inspektur bidang, sedangkan di tingkat kantor cabang dibentuk <i>internal
control unit</i> (ICU).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b><u>SUSUNAN PENGURUS KOPERASI SIMPAN PINJAM JASA</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b><u>PERIODE 2011-2015</u></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">KETUA UMUM
: HA ZAKY ARSLAN
DJUNAID (PEKALONGAN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">WAKIL KETUA
UMUM :
HM ANDY ARSLAN SE (JAKARTA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">KETUA I
: LUKITO
SINDORO/LIAUW YANG SIN (KLATEN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">KETUA II
: H
TEGUH SUHARDI BA (WELERI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">KETUA
III
:
H MARSIDI SH (SOLO)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">SEKRETARIS
UMUM
: H SACHRONI
(PEKALONGAN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">WAKIL
SEKRETARIS UMUM : HA. ALF ARSLAN
SE (PEKALONGAN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> SEKRETARIS
I
: H ALI MUKTI, SH M,HUM (SOLO)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> SEKRETARIS
III
: KADAFI YAHYA (BOGOR)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">
BENDAHARA
UMUM
: H
TAUFIQ KARIEM (PEKALONGAN)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> WAKIL
BENDAHARA UMUM : BUDI SETIAWAN/YAP
YUN FOE (BATANG)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">BENDAHARA
I
: H NADHIRIN MASKHA (TEGAL)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> BENDAHARA
II
:
H BAIDHOWI (PEMALANG)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> BENDAHARA
III
:
IR ONG UMARYADI MM (PURWOKERTO)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b><u>VISI</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Terwujudnya Koperasi Simpan Pinjam
yang mandiri dan tangguh dengan berlandaskan amanah dalam membangun
ekonomi bersama dan berkeadilan di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b><u>MISI</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Upaya untuk mewujudkan VISI, Koperasi
Simpan Pinjam Jasa melakukan aktifitas sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">a. Mengajak
seluruh potensi yang ada dalam masyarakat dengan tanpa membedakan
suku,ras,golongan dan agama, agar mereka dapat bersama -sama, bersatu padu dan
beritikad baik dalam membangun ekonomi kerakyatan secara bergotong royong dalam
bentuk koperasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">b. Membantu
para pedagang kecil dan menengah didalam mobilisasi permodalan demi kelancaran
usaha sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">c. Turut membantu pembangunan
ekonomi dan menunjang pelaksanaan kegiatan usaha secara aktif dengan mengajak mitra
usaha lainnya baik BUMN,swasta, perbankan maupun gerakan koperasi lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b><u>PERKEMBANGAN USAHA</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" valign="top">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Usaha Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Jasa
selalu berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan usaha anggota. Hal ini tidak
lepas dari sistem penerimaan anggota yang cukup selektif, dengan harapan
menghasilkan anggota yang berpartisipasi aktif dalam menunjang segala usaha
Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Jasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Selektifitas penerimaan anggota juga
dilakukan dengan pertimbangan agar kemampuan Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Jasa baik
dalam permodalan,sarana dan sumber daya manusianya dapat seimbang dengan
perkembangan jumlah anggota sehingga pelayanan kepada anggota dapat maksimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Adanya kerjasama yang baik dan
kepercayaan penuh dari masyarakat umum terhadap segala bentuk pelayanan
Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Jasa, sehingga dapat tercapai perkembangan usaha yang
dicita-citakan bersama. Berikut tabel perkembangan usaha Kospin Jasa
dari tahun 1997-2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 593px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Akhir Tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Simpanan (Rp)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Pinjaman (Rp)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Asset (Rp)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1997<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">74.158.634<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">57.389.131<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">82.021.576<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1998<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">84.718.357<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">44.398.632<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">96.994.242<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1999<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">122.207.481<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">51.067.862<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">138.906.611<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">162.372.952<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">139.329.756<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">197.017.759<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">246.987.395<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">219.805.793<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">274.330.507<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">365.430.278<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">301.186.330<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">405.690.505<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">525.115.905<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">405.348.148<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">572.609.750<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">673.645.499<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">603.256.834<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">731.848.850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">812.072.392<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">757.221.331<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">882.885.271<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">978.349.730<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">840.801.424<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1.054.801.783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1.064.828.607<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">910.400.592<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1.161.056.440<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.9pt;" valign="top" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1.120.681.541<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1.069.183.101<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: inset #ECE9D8 .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1.245.743.567<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">PRODUK
DAN LAYANAN<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><!--[endif]-->Tabungan Dan Simpanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>Tabungan Koperasi (TAKOP)</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">TAKOP merupakan tanda bahwa penabung telah
berpartisipasi aktif terhadap program pemerintah didalam kehidupan berkoperasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">TAKOP sebagai wahana pemupukan modal
usaha dari yang kecil hingga yang besar.<br />
TAKOP sebagai sarana untuk mendidik putra-putri anda agar gemar menabung dan
hidup hemat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Syarat-syarat Tabungan Koperasi
(TAKOP) Koperasi Simpan Pinjam JASA :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">1. Penabung adalah keluarga besar
Koperasi Simpan Pinjam JASA, masyarakat umum dari pelajar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> sampai
mahasiswa dari buruh sampai pengusaha, dari pedagang kecil sampai pedagang
besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">2. Mengisi formulir yang telah
disediakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">3. Menyerahkan foto copy tanda
pengenal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">4. Saldo minimal Rp 50.000,- dan
maksimal tidak terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> Apabila Anda sebagai peserta
TABUNGAN SAFARI Koperasi Simpan Pinjam JASA dengan sarana tabungan ini Anda
tanpa terasa bisa memenuhi setoran dengan baik dan tepat waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"> Pada akhir bulan, tabungan anda
akan mendapat keuntungan dengan sendirinya yang besarnya cukup menarik.<br />
Dengan menyisihkan sebagian kecil dari uang belanja Anda atau uang jajan untuk
ditabung, dalam waktu tertentu anda akan bisa memanfaatkan uang tabungan anda
untuk keperluan yang lebih besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>Simpanan Hari Koperasi (HARKOP)</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Simpanan <b>HARKOP</b> (Hari
Koperasi) adalah simpanan khusus yang mempunyai jangka waktu 1 (satu) tahun. Setoran minimal Rp. 25.000,-. Penyimpan
Simpanan HARKOP mendapatkan setifikat HARKOP. Apabila sewaktu-waktu pemegang
Sertifikat HARKOP memerlukan dana, maka Sertifikat HARKOP dapat digunakan
sebagai jaminan untuk berbagai jenis pinjaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b>MEMBANGUN KOPERASI..<br />
</b>Dengan Simpanan HARKOP, Anda ikut berpartisipasi secara
langsung terhadap program pembangunan ekonomi kerakyatan yang berjiwa koperasi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>PRAKTIS DAN MUDAH</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Atas keinginan Anda, sebelum jatuh
tempo dapat dipindahtangankan kepada sesama anggota atau keluarga besar
Koperasi Simpan Pinjam JASA dengan menyertakan Surat Kuasa Pemindahan.<br />
Setelah jatuh tempo dapat dicairkan diseluruh kantor Koperasi Simpan Pinjam
JASA terdekat.Simpanan bisa dilakukan sewaktu-waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b>Ketentuan:<br />
</b>1. Simpanan minimum Rp 25.000,- dan maksimum tidak terbatas.<br />
2. Setiap kelipatan Rp 25.000,- diberikan 1 (satu) nomor undian berhadiah.<br />
3. Jangka waktu 12 (dua belas) bulan<br />
4. Nomor undian berhadiah akan diundi satu tahun sekali pada peringatan Hari
Koperasi Indonesia antara bulan Juli - Agustus di Koperasi Simpan Pinjam JASA
Pusat dan hasilnya akan diumumkan diseluruh kantor pelayanan Koperasi
Simpan Pinjam JASA.<br />
<br />
<b>HADIAH<br />
</b>Hadiah I : 1 (satu) hadiah Biaya Perjalanan Ibadah Haji untuk 2
(dua) orang<br />
Hadiah II : 1 (satu) hadiah senilai biaya umroh
untuk 2 (dua) orang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><br />
Dan Hadiah-hadiah menarik lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>Tabungan SAFARI</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Tabungan SAFARI adalah suatu
produk Kospin JASA yang mengutamakan rasa kegotong-royongan dan rasa
kebersamaan, tidak hanya menawarkan tingginya suku bunga dan iming-iming dengan
hadiah besar. Tabungan SAFARI menciptakan sesuatu yang beda dan istimewa, sehingga
tabungan ini dapat memenuhi segala keinginan dan harapan Anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>Tabungan Haji Labbaika</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Tabungan Haji <b>"Labbaika"</b> merupakan
produk Koperasi Simpan Pinjam JASA dalam rangka melayani kebutuhan umat Islam
untuk menunaikan kewajibannya dalam Ibadah haji. Tabungan ini kami
selenggarakan secara khusus dengan setoran awal Rp 500.000,- (lima ratus ribu
rupiah) untuk setoran berikutnya tergantung rejeki Anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>Tabungan Pundi Arta Jasa</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Ketika Anda inginkan jaringan bisnis
meluas, dan harapan memiliki hadiah lebih berpeluang, pastikan pilihan Anda
pada Tabungan PUNDI ARTA JASA. Tabungan dengan jangka waktu 24 bulan, yang setiap
bulannya dengan setoran sebesar Rp. 500.000,- Peserta berhak ikut undian
setiap bulan berupa sebuah sepeda motor HONDA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pinjaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]-->PINJAMAN HARIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Dengan plafond yang telah ditentukan,
anda diberi hak untuk menarik pinjaman kapan saja sesuai batas plafond dan bisa
melunasinya setiap saat meski belum jatuh tempo. Adapun jangka waktunya 1 tahun
dan dapat diperpanjang bila memenuhi syarat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Penarikan dana Pinjaman Harian
dapat dilakukan sewaktu-waktu serta berulang-ulang dengan menggunakan TANDA
TERIMA khusus dari Koperasi Simpan Pinjam JASA sesuai dengan batas plafond yang
diberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jangka waktu pinjaman maksimum selama
1 (satu) tahun. Pinjaman Harian dapat diperpanjang selama 1 (satu) tahun
lagi, dengan catatan jika masih layak dan memenuhi persyaratan yang ada.
Jaminan yang digunakan berupa barang tak bergerak atau simpanan - simpanan.
Bunga ringan dihitung menurun berdasarkan jangka waktu pemakaian pinjaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->PINJAMAN BERJANGKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Pinjaman Berjanka diberikan
kepada anggota, calon anggota dan anggota koperasi lain maupun koperasi.
Penarikan pinjaman ini dilakukan secara sekaligus. Peminjam diwajibkan membayar
bunga dan pokok pinjaman setiap bulan, atau membayar bunga setiap bulan dan
pokok pinjaman dilunasi pada saat jatuh tempo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jangka waktu pinjaman selama 1 (satu) tahun. Jaminan
yang diagunkan berupa barang tak bergerak, barang bergerak atau
simpanan-simpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->PINJAMAN INSIDENTIL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Pinjaman Insidentil diberikan
kepada anggota, calon anggota, anggota koperasi lain maupun koperasi. Penarikan
pinjaman dilakukan secara sekaligus. Peminjam diwajibkan membayar bunga setiap
bulan, dan pokok pinjaman dilunasi pada saat Jatuh Tempo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jangka waktu pinjaman selama 3 (tiga) bulan. Jaminan
yang digunakan berupa barang tak bergerak, barang bergerak atau
simpanan-simpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->PINJAMAN ANUITET (Angsuran
Tetap)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Pinjaman ini diberikan kepada Anggota,
Calon Anggota, Anggota Koperasi lain maupun Koperasi. Penarikan Pinjaman ini
dilakukan secara sekaligus. Peminjam diwajibkan membayar bunga dan Pokok
Pinjaman tiap bulan (Angsuran Tetap) selama Jangka Waktu yang disepakati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jangka waktu Pinjaman selama :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">a. 12 (dua belas) bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">b. 24 (dua puluh empat)
bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">c. 36 (tiga puluh enam)
bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">d. 48 (empat puluh
delapan) bulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jaminan yang digunakan berupa barang tak bergerak,
barang bergerak atau simpanan-simpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->TALANGAN DANA HAJI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Talangan Dana ini diberikan kepada Anggota, Calon
Anggota dan Anggota Koperasi lain yang kekurangan biaya naik haji. Plafond
maksimal yang dapat diberikan sebesar Rp. 15.000.000,- . Jangka Waktu Pelunasan
maksimal 1 (satu) bulan sebelum keberangkatan Haji. Dana talangan ini tetap
menggunakan jaminan berupa barang tak bergerak dan barang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->PINJAMAN ANJAK PIUTANG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Pinjaman yang diberikan kepada
pedagang yang mempunyai BG/CEK Bank atau TT Kospin JASA atas nama orang lain
(bukan diri sendiri) yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kebonafitannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jangka waktu Pinjaman maksimal 3 (tiga) bulan,
Plafond minimal Rp. 5.000.000,- (lima juta rupiah) dan maksimal tidak
terbatas. Jaminan bisa berupa barang tak bergerak dan barang bergerak
(sertifikat, BPKB dan logam mulia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->PINJAMAN PAKET KENDARAAN
LEWAT DEALER<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Pinjaman yang diberikan kepada
para Dealer Mobil/Motor dengan plafon maksimum pinjaman sebeSar Rp.
1.750.000.000,-.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jangka waktu pinjaman maksimal 36 bulan,
dengan jaminan berupa barang tak bergerak dan barang bergerak (tanah &
bangunan, BPKB end user).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: no;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->PINJAMAN UMK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b>Sasaran :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Pengusaha atau pedagang kecil, para profesional; PNS,
Pegawai Swasta, TNI, POlri, Dokter, Notaris dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Besar Pinjaman, bagi pedagang kecil maksimal Rp 10 juta
dan bagi pegawai maksimal Rp 20 juta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><b>Jaminan :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Jaminan dapat berupa: tanah bangunan (Sertifikat),
Kendaraan Roda 2 (BPKB) atau Logam Mulia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">Syarat dan ketentuan berlaku.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-60114021087974960142011-11-17T13:27:00.001+07:002011-11-17T13:36:04.772+07:00Keberhasilan Koperasi Dari Sisi Perusahaan<br />
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">Efisiensi Perusahaan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Efisiensi</span><span lang="IN"> dalam </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ilmu ekonomi</span></span><span lang="IN"> digunakan untuk merujuk
pada sejumlah konsep yang terkait pada kegunaan pemaksimalan serta pemanfaatan
seluruh </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sumber daya</span></span><span lang="IN"> dalam proses
produksi </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">barang</span></span><span lang="IN"> dan </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">jasa</span></span><span lang="IN">.</span><span lang="IN"> </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: black;">
<span lang="IN">Sebuah sistem ekonomi
dapat disebut efisien bila memenuhi kriteria berikut:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: black;">
</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: black;">
<li><span lang="IN">Tidak ada yang bisa dibuat menjadi lebih makmur tanpa adanya
pengorbanan.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;">
</span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: black;">
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span lang="IN">Tidak ada keluaran yang dapat diperoleh tanpa adanya
peningkatkan jumlah masukan.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; color: black;">
</span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: black;">
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span><span lang="IN">Tidak ada produksi bila tanpa adanya biaya yang rendah dalam
satuan unit.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span><br />
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<span lang="IN">Definisi tersebut
tidak akan selalu sama akan tetapi pada umumnya akan mencakup semua ide yang
hanya dapat dicapai dengan sumber daya yang tersedia.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Sebuah </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">sistem ekonomi</span></span><span lang="IN"> yang efisien
dapat memberi lebih banyak </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">barang</span></span><span lang="IN"> dan </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">jasa</span></span><span lang="IN"> bagi </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">masyarakat</span></span><span lang="IN"> tanpa menggunakan lebih
banyak sumber daya. Dalam ekonomi pasar secara umum diyakini akan lebih efisien
dibandingkan dengan alternatif lainnya yang pertama mendasar dalil kesejahteraan
berdasarkan penyediaan kepercayaan oleh karena itu bagi yang menyatakan bahwa
setiap pasar berkeseimbangan sempurna berdasarkan kompetitif adalah efisien
(tetapi hanya ada bila tidak teradi ketidaksempurnaan pasar).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Kebijakan reformasi
dalam </span><span lang="IN"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ekonomi mikro</span></span><span lang="IN"> adalah bertujuan membuat
kebijakan yang mengurangi distorsi ekonomi dan peningkatan efisiensi ekonomi.
Namun, tidak ada teori dasar yang jelas bahwa dengan menghapus distorsi pasar
maka akan selalu dapat meningkatkan efisiensi ekonomi. Selanjutnya yang kedua
berdasarkan dalil yang menyatakan bahwa jika ada beberapa distorsi pasar maka
tidak dapat dihindari hanya dalam satu sektor saja yang akan bergerak ke arah
yang lebih besar dalam kesempurnaan pasar terdapat sektor lain yang bisa
menurunkan efisiensi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">Efektivitas Koperasi</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Organisasi
ekonomi yang memiliki keharusan menangani usaha berdasarkan prinsip efisiensi,
efektivitas dan produktivitas.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Prinsip efisiensi
dan efektivitas untuk mewujudkan produktivitas yang tinggi harus dipadukan
dengan optimasi pelayanan dan kesejahteraan mengenai bagaimana dan apa
ukuran efektivitas yang setepatnya .Oleh sebab itu sampai saat ini mengukur
efektivitas organisasi atau badan usaha lain sangat sederhana dibandingkan
dengan mengukur efektivitas koperasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Organisasi
koperasi tidak saja semata berkenaan dengan aspek ekonomi melainkan juga akan
berkenaan dengan aspek sosialnya. Akan tetapi sebagai konsekuensi logis dari kondisi
koperasi yang selalu dalam keadaan bersaing dengan organisasi lain untuk
mendapatkan sumberdaya maka merumuskan keberhasilan merupakan hal yang
penting. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">•
Efektivitas</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span lang="IN">adalah
pencapaian target output yang di ukur<br />
dengan cara membandingkan output anggaran atau<br />
seharusnya (Oa), dengan output realisasi atau<br />
sungguhnya (Os), jika Os > Oa di sebut efektif.<br />
<b>• Rumus perhitungan Efektivitas koperasi (EvK) :</b><br />
EvK= Realisasi SHUk + Realisasi MEL<br />
Anggaran SHUk + Anggaran MEL<br />
= Jika EvK >1, berarti efektif</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 20pt;">Produktivita Koperasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
Produktivitas
adalah pencapaian target output (0) atas input yang digunakan (I), jika
(0>1) disebut Produktif.</div>
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Rumus
Perhitungan produktivitas perusahaan koperasi :</div>
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PKK =
S H U x 100%</div>
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Contoh:</div>
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Modal
Koperasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
= Rp.
102.586.680 x 100%</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
= Rp.
118.432.448</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
= Rp. 86.62</div>
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Dari
hasil ini dimana PPK > 1 maka koperasi ini adalah produktif.</div>
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Rentabilitas
Koperasi</div>
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Untuk
mengukur tingkat rentabilitas koperasi KSU SIDI maka digunakan rumus
perhitungan sebagai berikut : Rentabilitas = S H U x 100%</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">Analisis Laporan Koperasi</span></div>
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Analisa laporan keuangan merupakan proses yang penuh
pertimbangan dalam rangka membantu mengevalusi posisi keuangan dan hasil
operasi perusahaan pada masa sekarang dan masa lalu, dengan tujuan untuk
menentukan estimasi dan prediksi yang paling mungkin mengenai kondisi dan
kinerja perusahaan pada masa mendatang. Analisa laporan keuangan sebenarnya
banyak sekali namun pada penelitian kali ini penulis menggunakan analisa rasio
keuangan karena analisa ini lebih sering digunakan dan lebih sederhana.</div>
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Analisa rasio keuangan
adalah perbandingan antara dua/kelompok data laporan keuangan dalam satu
periode tertentu, data tersebut bisa antar data dari neraca dan data laporan
laba rugi. Tujuannya adalah memberi gambaran kelemahan dan kemampuan finansial
perusahaan dari tahun ketahun. Jenis-jenis analisa rasio keuangan adalah :</div>
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a. <b><i><u>Rasio
Likuiditas</u></i></b></div>
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Rasio ini berguna untuk
mengukur kemampuan perusahaan untuk memenuhi kewajiban-kewajiban jangka
pendeknya. Ada 3 (tiga) macam rasio likuiditas yang digunakan, yaitu :</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: black;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">1) <i>Current Ratio</i> =
………………………(1)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">2) <i>Acid Test Ratio
= </i>….(2)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">3) <i>Cash Position Ratio</i> =
………………(3)</li>
</ul>
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b. <b><i><u>Rasio
Solvabilitas</u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">
Rasio ini berguna untuk
mengukur kemampuan perusahaan untuk memenuhi seluruh kewajiban-kewajibannya
(hutang jangka pendek dan hutang jangka panjang). Ada 4 (empat) rasio
solvabilitas yang digunakan. yaitu :</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: black;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">1) <i>Total Debt To Equity
Ratio= </i>……………………………………………..(4)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">2) <i>Total Debt To Total
Assets Ratio= </i>……………………………………………….(5)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">3) <i>Long Term Debt To
Equity</i>= …………………………………(6)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><i>4) Long
Term Debt To Total Assets =</i> …………………………………..(7)</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">
c . <b><i><u>Rasio
Profitabilitas</u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255); color: black; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">
Rasio ini berguna untuk
mengukur kemampuan perusahaan untuk menghasilkan laba dalam suatu periode
tertentu. Ada 4 (empat rasio profitabilitas yang digunakan, yaitu :</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: black;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">1) <i>Return On Equity (ROE)</i>=
………………………….(8)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">2) <i>Return On Assets (ROA)</i> <i>= </i>……………………….(9)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">3) <i>Net Profit Margin=</i> …………………………………….(10)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; text-align: justify;">4) <i>Gross Profit Margin</i> <i>= </i>…………………………(11)</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black;">
<br /></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-90433042307078353032011-10-25T14:15:00.000+07:002011-10-25T14:15:12.443+07:00Koperasi, Organisasi dan Manajemena.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tujuan Dan Fungsi Koperasi<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pengertian Badan Usaha<br />
Badan usaha adalah kesatuan yuridis (hukum), teknis, dan ekonomis yang bertujuan mencari laba atau keuntungan. Badan Usaha seringkali disamakan dengan perusahaan, walaupun pada kenyataannya berbeda. Perbedaan utamanya, Badan Usaha adalah lembaga sementara perusahaan adalah tempat dimana Badan Usaha itu mengelola faktor-faktor produksi.<br />
Jenis-Jenis Badan Usaha di Indonesia<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Koperasi<br />
Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang berlandaskan asas asas kekeluargaan.<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)<br />
Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) ialah badan usaha yang permodalannya seluruhnya atau sebagian dimiliki oleh Pemerintah. Status pegawai badan usaha-badan usaha tersebut adalah karyawan BUMN bukan pegawai negeri. BUMN sendiri sekarang ada 3 macam yaitu Perjan, Perum dan Persero.<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Badan Usaha Milik Swasta (BUMS)<br />
Badan Usaha Milik Swasta (BUMS) adalah badan usaha yang didirikan dan dimodali oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang. Berdasarkan UUD 1945 pasal 33, bidang- bidang usaha yang diberikan kepada pihak swasta adalah mengelola sumber daya ekonomi yang bersifat tidak vital dan strategis atau yang tidak menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak.<br />
<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Koperasi Sebagai Badan Usaha<br />
Definisi Koperasi Menurut Undang – Undang No. 25 Tahun 1992<br />
Undang – undang No. 25 tahun 1992, memberikan definisi “Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang – orang atau badan hukum koperasi yang melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan”.<br />
Berdasarkan batasan koperasi, koperasi Indonesia mengandung 5 unsur sebagai berikut :<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Koperasi adalah badan usaha (Business Enterprise)<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Koperasi adalah kumpulan orang – orang dan atau badan – badan hokum koperasi<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Koperasi Indonesia adalah koperasi yang bekerja berdasarkan “prinsip – prinsip koperasi”<br />
4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Koperasi Indonesia adalah “Gerakan Ekonomi Rakyat”.<br />
5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Koperasi Indonesia “Berazaskan Kekeluargaan”<br />
<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tujuan Dan Nilai Koperasi<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tujuan utama koperasi adalah mewujudkan masyarakat adil makmur material dan spiritual berdasarkan Pancasila dan Undang – Undang Dasar 1945.<br />
<br />
Dalam BAB II Pasal 3 Undang – undang RI No. 25 Tahun 1992, menyatakan bahwa koperasi bertujuan untuk:<br />
“Memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang – undang Dasar 1945”.<br />
<br />
Selanjutnya fungsi koperasi tertuang dalam pasal 4 UU No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian, yaitu:<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional dengan koperasi sebagai gurunya. Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nilai koperasi<br />
<br />
<br />
b.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Organisasi Dan Manajemen<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bentuk Organisasi<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Organisasi Politik<br />
Organisasi politik adalah organisasi atau kelompok yang bergerak atau berkepentingan atau terlibat dalam proses politik dan dalam ilmu kenegaraan, secara aktif berperan dalam menentukan nasib bangsa tersebut. Organisasi politik dapat mencakup berbagai jenis organisasi seperti kelompok advokasi yang melobi perubahan kepada politisi, lembaga think tank yang mengajukan alternatif kebijakan, partai politik yang mengajukan kandidat pada pemilihan umum, dan kelompok teroris yang menggunakan kekerasan untuk mencapai tujuan politiknya. Dalam pengertian yang lebih luas, suatu organisasi politik dapat pula dianggap sebagai suatu sistem politik jika memiliki sistem pemerintahan yang lengkap.<br />
<br />
Organisasi politik merupakan bagian dari suatu kesatuan yang berkepentingan dalam pembentukan tatanan sosial pada suatu wilayah tertentu oleh pemerintahan yang sah. Organisasi ini juga dapat menciptakan suatu bentuk struktur untuk diikuti.<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oranisasi Sosial<br />
Organisasi sosial adalah perkumpulan sosial yang dibentuk oleh masyarakat, baik yang berbadan hukum maupun yang tidak berbadanhukum, yang berfungsi sebagai sarana partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembangunan bangsa dan negara. Sebagai makhluk yang selalu hidup bersama-sama, manusia membentuk organisasi sosial untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan tertentu yang tidak dapat mereka capai sendiri.<br />
a.)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ciri-ciri Organisasi Sosial<br />
Menurut Berelson dan Steiner(1964:55) sebuah organisasi memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut :<br />
1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Formalitas, merupakan ciri organisasi sosial yang menunjuk kepada adanya perumusan tertulis daripada peratutan-peraturan, ketetapan-ketetapan, prosedur, kebijaksanaan, tujuan, strategi, dan seterusnya.<br />
2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hierarkhi, merupakan ciri organisasi yang menunjuk pada adanya suatu pola kekuasaan dan wewenang yang berbentuk piramida, artinya ada orang-orang tertentu yang memiliki kedudukan dan kekuasaan serta wewenang yang lebih tinggi daripada anggota biasa pada organisasi tersebut.<br />
3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Besarnya dan Kompleksnya, dalam hal ini pada umumnya organisasi sosial memiliki banyak anggota sehingga hubungan sosial antar anggota adalah tidak langsung (impersonal), gejala ini biasanya dikenal dengan gejala “birokrasi”.<br />
4)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lamanya (duration), menunjuk pada diri bahwa eksistensi suatu organisasi lebih lama daripada keanggotaan orang-orang dalam organisasi itu.<br />
b.)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alasan Berorganisasi<br />
Organisasi didirikan oleh sekelompok orang tentu memiliki alasan. Seorang pakar bernama Herbert G. Hicks mengemukakan dua alasan mengapa orang memilih untuk berorganisasi:<br />
<br />
Alasan Sosial (social reason), sebagai “zoon politicon ” artinya mahluk yang hidup secara berkelompok, maka manusia akan merasa penting berorganisasi demi pergaulan maupun memenuhi kebutuhannya. Hal ini dapat kita temui pada organisasi-organisasi yang memiliki sasaran intelektual, atau ekonomi.<br />
<br />
Alasan Materi (material reason), melalui bantuan organisasi manusia dapat melakukan tiga macam hal yang tidak mungkin dilakukannya sendiri yaitu<br />
1) Dapat memperbesar kemampuannya<br />
2) Dapat menghemat waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai suatu sasaran,<br />
melalui bantuan sebuah organisasi<br />
3) Dapat menarik manfaat dari pengetahuan generasi-generasi sebelumnya<br />
yang telah dihimpun.<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Organisasi Mahasiswa<br />
Organisasi mahasiswa adalah organisasi yang beranggotakan mahasiswa. Organisasi ini dapat berupa organisasi kemahasiswaan intra kampus, organisasi kemahasiswaan ekstra kampus, maupun semacam ikatan mahasiswa kedaerahan yang pada umumnya beranggotakan lintas-kampus. Sebagian organisasi mahasiswa di kampus Indonesia juga membentuk organisasi mahasiswa tingkat nasional sebagai wadah kerja sama dan mengembangkan potensi serta partisipasi aktif terhadap kemajuan Indonesia, seperti organisasi Ikahimbi dan ISMKI. Di luar negeri juga terdapat organisasi mahasiswa berupa Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia, yang beranggotakan pelajar dan mahasiswa Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Pada dasarnya, Organisasi Mahasiswa adalah sebuah wadah berkumpulnya mahasiswa demi mencapai tjuan bersama, namun harus tetap sesuai dengan koridor AD/ART yang disetujui oleh semua pengurus organisasi tersebut. Organisasi Mahasiswa tidak boleh tunduk dan menyerah pada tuntutan lembaga kampus tempat organisasi itu bernaung, melainkan harus kritis dan tetap berjuang atas nama mahasiswa, bukan pribadi atau golongan.<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Organisasi Olahraga<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Organisasi Sekolah<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Organisasi Negara<br />
<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hirarki Tanggung Jawab<br />
Pengurus adalah seseorang yang bertugas: Mengelola koperasi dan usahanya, Mengajukan rancangan Rencana kerja, budget dan belanja koperasi, Menyelenggaran Rapat Anggota, Mengajukan laporan keuangan & pertanggung jawaban, Maintenance daftar anggota dan pengurus, Wewenang, Mewakili koperasi di dalam & luar pengadilan, Meningkatkan peran koperasi.<br />
<br />
Pengelola adalah Karyawan / Pegawai yang diberikan kuasa & wewenang oleh pengurus untuk mengembangkan usaha dengan efisien & professional, Hubungannya dengan pengurus bersifat kontrak kerja, dan dapat diangkat serta diberhentikan oleh pengurus.<br />
<br />
Pengawas adalah Perangkat organisasi yang dipilih dari anggota dan diberi mandat untuk melakukan pengawasan terhadap jalannya organisasi & usaha koperasi.<br />
UU 25 Th. 1992 pasal 39:<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bertugas untuk melakukan pengawasan kebijakan dan pengelolaan koperasi<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Berwenang untuk meneliti catatan yang ada & mendapatkan segala keterangan yang diperlukannatasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-92020100543387395942011-09-28T18:23:00.000+07:002011-09-28T18:23:09.821+07:00KOPERASI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 11.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">KONSEP KOPERASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KONSEP KOPERASI BARAT</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Koperasi merupakan organisasi swasta, yang dibentuk secara sukarela oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai persamaan kepentingan, dengan maksud mengurusi kepentingan para anggotanya serta menciptakan keuntungan timbal balik bagi anggota koperasi maupun perusahaan koperasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur-unsur Positif Konsep Koperasi Barat<br />
• Keinginan individu dapat dipuaskan dengan cara bekerjasama antar sesama anggota, dg saling membantu dan saling menguntungkan<br />
• Setiap individu dg tujuan yang sama dapat berpartisipasi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dan menanggung risiko bersama<br />
• Hasil berupa surplus/keuntungan didistribusikan kepada anggota sesuai dengan metode yang telah disepakati<br />
• Keuntungan yang belum didistribusikan akan dimasukkan sebagai cadangan koperasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">KONSEP KOPERASI SOSIALIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Koperasi direncanakan dan dikendalikan oleh pemerintah dan dibentuk dengan tujuan merasionalkan produksi, untuk menunjang perencanaan nasional.<br />
Menurut konsep ini, koperasi tidak berdiri sendiri tetapi merupakan subsistem dari sistem sosialisme untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan sistem sosialis-komunis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">KONSEP KOPERASI NEGARA BERKEMBANG</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">• Koperasi sudah berkembang dengan ciri tersendiri, yaitu dominasi campur tangan pemerintah dalam pembinaan dan pengembangannya.<br />
• Perbedaan dengan Konsep Sosialis, pada konsep Sosialis, tujuan koperasi untuk merasionalkan faktor produksi dari kepemilikan probadi ke pemilikan kolektif sedangkan konsep koperasi negara berkembang, tujuan koperasi adalah meningkatkan kondisi sosial ekonomi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">ALIRAN KOPERASI</span></b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">ALIRAN YARDSTICK</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">• Dijumpai pada negara-negara yang berideologi kapitalis atau yang menganut perekonomian Liberal.<br />
• Koperasi dapat menjadi kekuatan untuk mengimbangi, menetralisasikan dan mengoreksi<br />
• Pemerintah tidak melakukan campur tangan terhadap jatuh bangunnya koperasi di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Maju tidaknya koperasi terletak di tangan anggota koperasi sendiri<br />
• Pengaruh aliran ini sangat kuat, terutama dinegara-negara barat dimana industri berkembang dg pesat. Spt di AS, Perancis, Swedia, Denmark, Jerman, Belanda dll.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">ALIRAN SOSIALIS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">• Koperasi dipandang sebagai alat yang paling efektif untuk mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat, disamping itu menyatukan rakyat lebih mudah melalui organisasi koperasi.<br />
• Pengaruh aliran ini banyak dijumpai di negara-negara Eropa Timur dan Rusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">ALIRAN PERSEMAKMURAN </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">(Commonwealth)</span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">•Koperasi sebagai alat yang efisien dan efektif dalam meningkatkan kualitas ekonomi masyarakat.<br />
•Koperasi sebagai wadah ekonomi rakyat berkedudukan strategis dan memegang peranan utama dalam struktur perekonomian masyarakat<br />
•Hubungan Pemerintah dengan gerakan koperasi bersifat “Kemitraan (partnership)”, dimana pemerintah bertanggung jawab dan berupaya agar iklim pertumbuhan koperasi tercipta dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">LATAR BELAKANG TIMBULNYA ALIRAN KOPERASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Perbedaan ideology suatu bangsa akan mengakibatkan perbedaan system perekonomiannya dan tentunya aliran koperasi yang dianutpun akan berbeda. Sebaliknya, setiap system perekonomian suatu bangsa juga akan menjiwai ideology bangsanya dan aliran koperasinya pun akan menjiwai system perekonomian dan ideologi bangsa tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KOPERASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SEJARAH LAHIRNYA KOPERASI</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Koperasi lahir pertama kali di Inggris, yaitu di kota Rochdale tahun 1884. koperasi timbul pada masa perkembangan kapitalisme sebagai akibat revolusi industri. Pada tahun 1851 koperasi tersebut akhirnya dapat mendirikan sebuah pabrik dan mendirikan perumahan bagi anggota-anggotanya yang belum mempunyai rumah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Perkembangan koperasi di Rocchdale sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan gerakan koperasi di Inggris maupun di luar Inggris. Pada tahun 1852 jumlah koperasi di Inggris sudah mencapai 100 unit. Pada tahun 1862, dibentuklah pusat koperasi pembelian dengan nama The Cooperative Whole Sale Society (CWS).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Pada tahun 1876, koperasi ini telah melakukan ekspansi usaha di bidang transportasi, perbankan dan asuransi. Pada tahun 1870, koperasi tersebut juga membuka usaha di bidang penerbitan berupa surat kabar yang terbit dengan nama Cooperative News. Pada tahun 1919, didirikanlah Cooperative College di Manchester yang merupakan lembaga pendidikan tinggi koperasi pertama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Dalam perjalanan sejarah, koperasi tumbuh dan berkembang ke seluruh dunia di samping badan usaha lainnya. Setengah abad setelah pendirian koperasi Rochdale, seiring dengan berkembangnya koperasi di berbagai negara, para pelopor koperasi sepakat untuk membentuk Internacional Cooperative Alliance (ICA-persekutuan Koperasi Internasional) dalam kongres Koperasi Koperasi Internasional yang pertama pada tahun 1896, di London. Dengan terbentuknya ICA, maka koperasi telah menjadi suatu gerakan internasional.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KOPERASI DI INDONESIA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Menurut Sukoco dalam bukunya “Seratus Tahun Koperasi di Indonesia”. Badan hukum koperasi pertama di Indonesia adalah sebuah koperasi di Leuwiliang yang didirikan pada tanggal 16 Desember 1895. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Koperasi di Indonesia, menurut UU tahun 1992, didefinisikan sebagai badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="text-decoration: none;">ekonomi</span> <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan. Di</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none;">Indonesia</span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">, prinsip koperasi telah dicantumkan dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 1967 dan UU No. 25 Tahun 1992. Prinsip koperasi di Indonesia kurang lebih sama dengan prinsip yang diakui dunia internasional dengan adanya sedikit perbedaan, yaitu adanya penjelasan mengenai SHU (Sisa Hasil Usaha).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 12pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Definition</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Analysis</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Countable nouns can be singular or plural</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span lang="EN-US">When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a/the/my/this</span> with it</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Its</span><span lang="EN-US"> usually treat uncountable nouns as singular</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">. D</span><span lang="EN-US">o not usually use the indefinite article <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a/an</span> with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a<b> </b>something of</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Examples</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">countable nouns :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dog, cat, animal, man, person</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bottle, box, litre</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">coin, note, dollar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">cup, plate, fork</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">table, chair, suitcase, bag</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Countable nouns can be singular or plural :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">My <u>dog is</u> playing</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">My <u>dogs are</u> hungry</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">We can use the indefinite article <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a/an</span> </u>with countable nouns :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A dog is an animal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a/the/my/this</span></u> with it :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I want an orange. (not I want orange.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Where is my bottle? (not where is bottle?)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I like oranges.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bottles can break.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">We can use <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">some</span> </u>and<u> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">any</span></u> with countable nouns :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I’ve got <u>some</u> dollars.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Have you got <u>any</u> pens?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">We can use <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a few</span></u> and <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">many</span> </u>with countable nouns :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I’ve got <u>a few </u>dollars.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I haven’t got <u>many</u> pens.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns :</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Countable</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uncountable</span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dollar</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">money</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">song</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">music</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">suitcase</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">luggage</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">table</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">furniture</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">battery</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">electricity</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bottle</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">wine</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">report</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">information</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tip</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">advice</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">journey</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">travel</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">job</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">work</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">view</span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">scenery</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When you learn a new word, it's a good idea to learn whether it's countable or uncountable.</span>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-36174487284318263292011-03-24T18:28:00.002+07:002011-03-24T18:28:58.503+07:00Degrees of Comparison<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Definition</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">In English grammar the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">degree of comparison</span> of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adjective</span></a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adverb</span></a> that describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence. An adjective may simply describe a quality, (the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">positive</span>); it may compare the quality with that of another of its kind (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">comparative</span></a> degree); and it may compare the quality with many or all others (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">superlative</span></a> degree).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">In other languages it may describe a very large degree of a particular quality (in Semitic linguistics, called an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_%28gradation%29" title="Elative (gradation)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">elative</span></a>).</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Analysis</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Positive Degree</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">As ( adjective/adverb) as is used to say that the two parts of a comparation are equal or the same in some way.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Comparative Degree</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">The comparative compares “this/these” to “that/these”.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Form : </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suffix – er <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: for one syllable word</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">More/Less<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: for more than one syllable word</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Superlative Degree</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">The superlative compares one part of a whole group to all the rest of the group.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Form :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suffix – est<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: for one syllable word</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">The most .. / The least .. : for more than one syllable word</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Example</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jim is 20 years old. Tom is 20 years old.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jim is as old as Tom.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jim is 20 years old. Anna is 15 years old.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jim is older than Anna.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">This book is more expensive than that one.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">This building is the highest building in this town.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">This test is the most difficult test i’ve ever know</span></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-55111814617164075522011-03-24T18:27:00.000+07:002011-03-24T18:27:40.503+07:00Active and Passive Sentences<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Definition</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Active Form</span></strong></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span></b><span lang="EN-US">In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Passive Form</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></strong><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: </span><span lang="EN-US">In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Analysis</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Simple present tense</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + v1 (s/es) + O </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + to be + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Present continuous</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + to be + v1 ing + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + to be + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Present perfect</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + have/has + v3 + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + to be + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Present perfect continuous</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + have/has + been + v1 ing + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + have/has + been + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past tense</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + v2 + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + was/were + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past continuous</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + was/were + v1 ing + O </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + was/were + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past perfect</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + had + v3 + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + had + been + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past perfect continuous</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + had been + v1 ing + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + had been + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Simple future</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals + v1 + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals + be + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Future continouos</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals be + v1 ing + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals be + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Future perfect</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals + have + v3 + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals + have been + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Future perfect continouos</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals + have been + v1 ing + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals + have been + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past future</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals past + v1 + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals past + be + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past future continouos</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals past + be + v1 ing + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals past + be + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past future perfect</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals past + have + v3 + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals + have been + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past future perfect continouos</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: S + modals past + have been + v1 ing + O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: O + modals past + have been + being + v3 + by S</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Example</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Simple present</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She sweeps the floor everyday</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: The floor is swept by her everyday</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Present continouos </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sheila is sweeping the floor now </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: The floor is being swept by Sheila now</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Present perfect</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jane has swept the floor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: The floor has been sweept by Jane</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past tense</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: He swept the floor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: The floor was swept by him</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Past continouos</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Active <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: They were sweeping the floor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Passive<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: The floor was being swept by them</span></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-90162961590083486972011-03-24T18:09:00.002+07:002011-03-24T18:09:46.916+07:00Reported Speech<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definition </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reported Speech (also referred to as 'indirect speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analysis</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ü</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause is in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ü</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">§</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Examples</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 558px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""sans-serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tenses</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""sans-serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Direct / Reported Speech</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Simple present:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “She is busy”. - I said she was busy.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Present continuous:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “I am working now”. - I said I was working now</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Simple past:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “She was here this morning”. - I said she was here this morning. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">or</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
I said she had been here this morning.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Past continuous:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said “She was studying all yesterday” - I said she was studying all yesterday. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">or</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
I said she had been studying all yesterday</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Present perfect:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “She has worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Past perfect:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “She had worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Future:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “She will work here from July.” - I said she would work here from July.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Future continuous:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “We’ll be living here for 6 months.” - I said we would be living here for 6 months.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Can:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 364.55pt;" valign="top" width="486"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I said, “She can play the piano well.” - I said she could play the piano well.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Source :</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buku Pintar Tenses by Anik M. Indriastuti, M.Hum</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Practical Complete – English Grammar by M. J. Lado (Titik Terang)</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buku Hafalan Luar Kepala Bahasa Inggris SMP – Forum Tentor</span></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-55823079957327248992011-03-24T18:08:00.002+07:002011-03-24T18:08:33.590+07:00Adverbial Clause<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">§</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definition</span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adverbial clause (klausa keterangan) is words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbial clause can be divided into :</span><br />
<div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of time</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of place</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of manner</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of comparison</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of contrast</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of cause</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of result</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of purpose </span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of condition</span></div><br />
<div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">§</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analysis</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of time </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to explain the time and is indicated by the use of the conjunction: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">when, whenever, while, since, before, after, until, till, as, as soon as, now, now that, </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> once.</b></span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of place </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to explain the place and is indicated by the use of the conjunction: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, anyplace, everyplace, </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> no place.</b></span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of manner </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">explain how something is done and is indicated by the use of the conjunction: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">as, as if, </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> as tough.</b></span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of comparison </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to comparing two things that are balanced or two things that are not balanced. </span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of contrast </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">show the relationship of concessions or the relation of two opposites and is indicated by the use of the conjunction: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">but, though, although, even though, </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> while. </b></span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of cause </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">explain the reasons why something is mentioned in the main clause happens or processed and is indicated by the use of the conjunction: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">because, since, so, as, for, now, now that, </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> on the ground that.</b></span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of result </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">clause that stating relations outcome from something that is stated in the main clause. Something that is stated in the main clause is a cause of something that mentioned in the adverbial clause. That is indicated by the use of the conjunction: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">so, so that, </b>an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">d so + adjective + that.</b></span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of purpose </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">explain the purpose of something that is stated in the main clause. That is indicated by the use of the conjunction: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in order that, so, so that, in the hope that, </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in the end that.</b></span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Clause of condition </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">→ to show relations the requirements that something will happens when the conditions required be fulfilled.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">§</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Examples</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We may begin writing our paper <u>whenever we are already</u>. (clause of time)</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The old man lives <u>where his wife used to live</u>. (clause of place)</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We always do <u>as our teacher tells us</u>. (clause of manner)</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This town twenty years ago was not <u>as busy as it is now</u>. (clause of comparison)</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His proposal was rejected <u>on the ground that he falsified a document</u>. (clause of cause)</span></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-47356320178227513672011-03-24T18:07:00.000+07:002011-03-24T18:07:14.330+07:00Command & Request<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">§</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definition</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Command : command sentence are sentences that contain commands and requests for other people to do a thing desired by the people that ruled.</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Request : Request is a kind of a subtle command, where the attitude of those that ordered more modest than that usual command.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">§</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analysis</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Command : a command can be interpreted as allowing someone to do something, or stated the requirement for something to happen, even to the interpretation (the connotation), derision or sarcasm. Commands can also turn from ordered to do something to prevent or forbid to do something. The meaning of the sentence which is supported by the command, depending also from the situation.</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S + asked / told + O + to infinitive</span></div><br />
<div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Request : There are various levels of demand a can be distinguished by some words or phrases. (example : can you bring that book over there! ; Please stand up! ; If you can, help the child!)</span></div><br />
<div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">§</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Examples </span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">He asked me: “Open your book!” or he asked me to open my book.</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">John told Marry: “Wait until I come.” or John told Mary to wait until he comes.</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The teacher told the student: “Be quiet while I am talking.” or the teacher told the student to be quiet while he is talking.</span></div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span>Would you mind not smoking here?</div><div style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ""Times New Roman"","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span>Could you wait a moment, please?</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Ilmu Budaya Dasar</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ilmu Budaya Dasar adalah suatu pengetahuan yang diharapkan dapat memberikan pengetahuan dasar dan untuk mengkaji masalah-masalah manusia dan kebudayaan. Sedangkan kebudayaan itu sendiri adalah suatu cara hidup yang berkembang dan dimiliki bersama oleh sebuah kelompok orang dan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi sebagai pedoman dalam menunjukan jalan atau arah didalam bertindak dan berfikir untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup baik jasmani maupun rohani.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar belakang ilmu budaya dasar dalam konteks budaya, negara, dan masyarakat Indonesia berkaitan dengan berbagai masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>1. Kenyataan bahwa Indonesia terdiri atas berbagai<span> </span>suku bangsa dan segala keanekaragaman budaya<span> </span>yang tercermin dalam berbagai aspek kebudayaan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>2. </span>Proses pembangunan yang berupa terjadinya perubahan dan pergeseran sistem nilai budaya yang dapat mempengaruhi mental manusia yang mengakibatkan terjadinya benturan nilai budaya yang akan menimbulkan konflik dalam kehidupan.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>3. Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang menimbulkan perubahan kondisi kehidupan manusia, menimbulkan konflik dengan tata nilai budayanya.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3d85c6; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk bisa mewujudkan tujuan Ilmu Budaya Dasar, IBD diharapkan dapat :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>1. Berusaha manciptakan respon/kepekaan terhadap lingkungan budaya, agar dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan yang baru.</div><div> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>2. Memperluas pandangan mengenai masalah kemanusiaan dan budaya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>3. Melatih diri sebagai calon pemimpin bangsa dan Negara serta ahli dalam bidang disiplin ilmu.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>4. Menyediakan wahana komunikasi agar lebih mampu berdialog dan berkomunikasi dengan baik. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3d85c6;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pokok-pokok bahasan yang dikembangkan adalah :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>1. Manusia dan cinta kasih</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>2. Manusia dan keindahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>3. Manusia dan penderitaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>4. Manusia dan keadilan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>5. Manusia dan pandangan hidup</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>6. Manusia dan tanggungjawab serta pengabdian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>7. Manusia dan kegelisahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span>8. Manusia dan harapan</span></div></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-1849382061673723392010-12-23T17:58:00.000+07:002010-12-23T17:58:21.552+07:00Kejagung: Jaksa Kasus Gayus Lakukan Pelanggaran Berat<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <div style="text-align: justify;">JAKARTA. Jaksa Agung Muda Pengawasan Kejaksaan Agung, Hamzah Tadza, menyatakan bahwa jaksa yang menangani kasus Gayus Tambunan telah melakukan pelanggaran berat. <b style="color: red;">“Kalau ditanya jenis pelanggarannya apa, saya katakan pelanggaran berat,”</b> kata Hamzah di gedung Kejaksaan Agung, Jakarta, Kamis (8/4).</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hamzah menegaskan, karena ditemukan indikasi kesengajaan, tidak menutup kemungkinan akan berujung pada pemberhentian tidak hormat. Pemberhentian tidak hormat akan menunggu seluruh hasil pemeriksaan selesai dilakukan dengan juga melakukan konfrontir dengan Gayus Tambunan, penyidik kepolisian, serta pengacara Gayus. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: red;">Pelanggaran berat yang dilakukan oleh jaksa yang menangani perkara Gayus bertentangan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) No. 30/1980.</b> PP itu menyebutkan bahwa setiap pegawai negeri harus “disiplin”, yakni disiplin dalam ucapan, tulisan, dan perbuatan baik di dalam maupun di luar jam kerja. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hamzah menegaskan, jika kemudian ditemukan ada indikasi pidana, yakni menerima uang alias gratifikasi dalam menangani perkara, maka mengacu pada PP No. 20/2008, Jaksa Agung berhak memberhentikan sementara statusnya sebagai jaksa berdasarkan rekomendasi Jaksa Agung Muda Pengawasan. “Apabila nanti ada salah seorang jaksa terbukti pidana Jaksa Agung berhak memberhentikan,”tandasnya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kejaksaan Agung sendiri telah telah menetapkan lima orang aparaturnya sebagai terlapor dugaan pelanggaran etika profesi dalam kasus pajak Gayus Halomoan Tambunan. Para terlapor itu adalah jaksa P16 selaku peneliti Cirus Sinaga, Fadil Regan, Eka Kurnia Sukmasari, dan Ika Savitrie Salim dan jaksa P16A Nazran Aziz dari Kejari Tangerang, sebagai jaksa sidang.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Para pejabat struktural yang turut diperiksa adalah Kasubbag Tata Usaha pada Direktorat Prapenuntutan Rohayati, karena mengetahui alur administrasinya, Kasubdit Kamtibum dan TPUL pada Direktorat Prapenuntutan Jampidum Mangiring, yaitu tempat berkas masuk. Tak lupa, Direktur Prapenuntutan Poltak Manullang, Direktur Penuntutan Pohan Lasphy, juga ikut diperiksa.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hamzah menegaskan, dalam pemeriksaan yang dilakukan tersebut yang paling bertanggungjawab adalah Ketua Jaksa Peneliti Berkas Cirus Sinaga yang sekarang menjadi Asisten Pidana Khusus di Kejaksaan Tinggi Jawa Tengah serta Direktur Prapenuntutan Poltak Manulang yang menjadi Kepala Kejaksaan Tinggi Maluku. “Dalam kasus ini keduanya yang paling bertanggung jawab,”tegasnya. Hamzah bilang, jabatan struktural keduanya kini sudah resmi dicopot.</div><div align="right" style="text-align: right;"> Sumber : Antara, 8 April 2010 </div></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-37494790295717561342010-12-04T20:13:00.001+07:002010-12-04T20:13:55.597+07:00Lubang Hidung Kanan dan Kiri Punya Fungsi BerbedaManusia diciptakan dengan dua lubang hidung kanan dan kiri yang lebih sering menghirup dan menghembuskan udara secara bersamaan. Tapi tahukah Anda bila lubang hidung kanan dan kiri memiliki fungsi berbeda?<br />
<br />
Lubang hidung kanan dan kiri masing-masing memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Menghembuskan napas dari masing-masing lubang pun memiliki khasiat penyembuhan yang berbeda.<br />
<br />
Dilansir <em>Sanatansociety</em>, Selasa (30/11/2010) setiap lubang hidung ketika beroperasi secara independen dapat mempengaruhi kimia tubuh dengan cara yang berbeda. Ketika kedua lubang hidung bekerja secara bersamaan, kimia tubuh juga mengalami perubahan.<br />
<br />
Lubang hidung kanan sering diibaratkan sebagai matahari yang memiliki karakter panas. Lubang hidung kanan berfungsi mengeluarkan udara panas dalam tubuh, sehingga dapat meningkatkan sekresi asam.<br />
<br />
Lubang hidung kiri diibaratkan sebagai bulan yang mengeluarkan udara dingin. Menghembuskan udara dari lubang hidung kiri dapat meningkatkan pengeluaran alkali (basa).<br />
<br />
Baik lubang hidung kanan dan kiri berhubungan dengan sisi berlawanan dari belahan otak dan lobus penciuman. Hidung berada dalam kontak langsung dengan hipotalamus melalui jalur dengan lobus pencium di otak. Hipotalamus adalah bagian dari sistem limbik, yang terkait dengan emosi dan motivasi.<br />
<br />
Lubang hidung melalui proses respirasi dihubungkan dengan respons neuromotor dan dengan sistem saraf otonom. Respons neuromotor ini mempengaruhi belahan otak (hemisphere) dan juga aktivitas kimia otak, yang pada akhirnya mempengaruhi semua fungsi tubuh.<br />
<br />
Bernapas melalui lubang hidung kiri mempengaruhi aktivitas kortikal otak di sisi kanan, dan sebaliknya. Belahan otak kanan yang dipengaruhi oleh dominasi lubang hidung sebelah kiri, terkait dengan kemampuan emosional, visual, relaksasi dan kegiatan yang bersifat feminin.<br />
<br />
Sedangkan belahan otak kiri, yang dirangsang oleh dominasi lubang hidung kanan, dihubungkan dengan kegiatan verbal, lebih energik dan rasional.<br />
<br />
Fungsi masing-masing lubang hidung bisa dirasakan pada saat proses penyembuhan. Contoh masing-masing fungsi lubang hidung antara lain:<br />
<br />
<strong>Bernapas dominan lubang hidung kanan</strong><br />
<br />
<ol><li>Meredakan sakit kepala</li>
<li>Dapat membantu menyembuhkan gangguan pencernaan kronis</li>
<li>Meringankan susah buang air besar (sembelit) dan susah makan</li>
</ol><br />
<strong>Bernapas dominan lubang hidung kiri</strong><br />
<ol><li>Dapat meredakan stres</li>
<li>Mengatasi kesulitan tidur (insomnia). Caranya, berbaring di sisi kanan dan bernapas dengan lubang hidung kiri (menurup lubang hidung kanan) selama 25 sampai 30 menit.</li>
</ol>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-69351732306689013502010-12-04T20:09:00.000+07:002010-12-04T20:09:49.036+07:00Penyuap Gayus Bisa Lolos<strong></strong>Mabes Polri menjerat tersangka kasus mafia pajak Gayus Tambunan hanya dengan pasal gratifikasi, bukan penyuapan. Hal ini menimbulkan kecurigaan baru kalau ada upaya untuk melindungi para penyuap Gayus.<br />
<br />
Peneliti ICW Febri Diansyah menuturkan, pasal 12B ayat (2) UU No.20/2001 jo UU 31/1999 tentang gratifikasi rentan disiasati.<br />
<br />
"Prinsipnya, kita tidak ingin ada "siasat" baru lagi dalam kasus Gayus ini," kata Febri saat berbincang dengan <strong>detikcom</strong>, Sabtu (4/12/2010).<br />
<br />
Menurut Febri, penanganan kasus Gayus memang sudah tidak jelas sejak awal. Sebagai contoh, baru kasus PT SAT dengan nilai Rp 570,95 juta yang ditangani, sementara kasus<br />
aliran dana Rp 28 miliar dan safe deposit Rp 75 miliar tidak disentuh.<br />
<br />
"Ini dapat saja disebut "rekayasa jilid 2" terhadap kasus Gayus. Karena itu, sebenarnya kita sulit percaya kasus Gayus bisa dituntaskan oleh kepolisian," tutupnya.natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-2453271265367435742010-12-04T19:56:00.001+07:002010-12-04T19:56:30.800+07:00Kondisi Terbaru BromoDalam beberapa hari ini aktivitas Gunung Bromo mengalami penurunan. Jika dalam 3 hari ke depan kondisinya stabil atau bahkan menurun, ada kemungkinan status awas Bromo diturunkan menjadi siaga. <br />
<br />
Hal itu dijelaskan Kepala Bidang Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), Gede Suantika, ke Gubernur Jatim, Soekarwo, dalam pertemuannya di Gedung Grahadi, Surabaya, Sabtu (4/12/2010).natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-3403124061729933802010-12-04T19:55:00.000+07:002010-12-04T19:55:36.137+07:00Lanud Abdulrachman Saleh akan Dibuka<strong>Malang</strong> - Lapangan Udara TNI AU Abdulrachman Saleh Malang rencananya besok pagi akan kembali digunakan untuk penerbangan sipil. Penutupan ini dilakukan 5 hari lalu oleh Dirjen Perhubungan Udara dengan alasan abu vulkanik Gunung Bromo.<br />
<br />
"Masa habis penutupan hari ini, yakni tanggal 4. Jadi mulai besok kembali normal," kata Kepala Dinas Operasi Lanud TNI AU Abdulracman Saleh Kolonel (pnb) Novyanto Widianto kepada d<strong>etiksurabaya.com</strong> saat dihubungi, Sabtu (4/12/2010).<br />
<br />
Dia menambahkan, telah mengirim hasil pengamatan terakhir sebagai rekomendasi ke Dirjen Perhubungan Udara tentang pemantauan kondisi lapangan udara. Hasilnya, diketahui abu vulkanik Gunung Bromo tidak lagi sampai ke lanud. Bahkan dari alat ukur intensitas debu yang dimilikinya, terlihat jauh di bawah ambang batas normal.<br />
<br />
"Bisa dikatakan lanud kini telah clear dari debu vulkanik Gunung Bromo. Bahkan, kini tidak lagi terimbas," tuturnya.<br />
<br />
Novyanto menegaskan, pihaknya telah menyampaikan kondisi terakhir Lanud <br />
Abdulrachman Saleh ini kepada masing-masing maskapai. Selain mengirimnya ke <br />
Dirjen Perhubungan Udara. natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-68267353596339647722010-11-27T09:57:00.000+07:002010-11-27T09:57:19.351+07:00Bencana alam gunung merapi di yogyakarta tanggal 5 november 2010Para ilmuwan telah lama mengetahui bahwa ledakan besar gunung berapi bisa berdampak pada cuaca, lewat semburan partikel-partikel vulkanik yang menghalangi energi matahari dan mendinginkan udara. <br />
Ada sejumlah bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa musim dingin vulkanik akibat ledakan besar gunung berapi telah ikut memusnahkan dinosaurus dan manusia purba Neanderthal.<br />
Pada musim panas pasca erupsi Gunung Tambora di Indonesia pada 1815, es telah merusakkan tanaman sampai sejauh New England, Amerika Serika, sementara ledakan Gunung Pinatubo di Filipina pada 1991 telah menurunkan rata-rata temperatur global 0,7 derajat Fahrenheit sehingga cukup menahan dampak gas efek rumah kaca hasil ulah manusia selama setahun atau lebih.<br />
Kini para ilmuwan berhasil memperlihatkan bahwa letusan gunung berapi juga berdampak pada curah hujan pada musim kemarau Asia, di mana badai musiman mengairi tanaman untuk makan hampir setengah penduduk Bumi.<br />
Para peneliti lingkar pohon pada Observatorium Bumi Lamont-Doherty di Universitas Colombia memperlihatkan bahwa erupsi besar cenderung mengeringkan wilayah tengah Asia, namun menciptakan lebih banyak hujan di negara-negara Asia sebelah selatan, termasuk Vietnam, Laos, Kamboja, Thailand dan Myanmar.<br />
Penemuan baru ini bertentangan dengan prediksi kebanyakan model iklim.<br />
Hasil penelitian mereka muncul dalam versi online jurnal Geophysical Research Letters.<br />
Pertumbuhan lingkar sejumlah spesies pohon bisa dikaitkan dengan intensitas curah hujan.<br />
Laboratorium Lingkar Pohon observatorium itu menggunakan lingkar pohon dari sekitar 300 tempat di seantero Asia untuk mengukur dampak 54 erupsi gunung berapi dalam kurun 800 tahun.<br />
Data didapat dari peta lingkar pohon berumur 1000 tahun yang diteliti Observatorium Lamont, yang diketahui mencatat kekeringan panjang yang membinasakan.<br />
Para peneliti juga telah menyelenggarakan pula penelitian terdahulu tentang pendinginan suhu di wilayah tropis.<br />
“Kami mengira daratan bumi dan atmosfer itu dua hal berbeda, tetapi sungguh semua hal dalam sistem itu saling berkaitan. Gunung-gunung berapi menjadi pemain-pemain penting dalam iklim dari waktu ke waktu,” kata Kevin Anchukaitis yang menjadi kepala penelitian tersebut.<br />
Erupsi-erupsi eksplosif yang dahsyat telah memuntahkan senyawa belerang yang berubah menjadi partikel-partikel sulfat kecil-kecil di atmosfer, lalu menangkis radiasi sinar matahari.<br />
Pendinginan permukaan Bumi yang diakibatkannya bisa berlangsung bulanan atau bahkan tahunan.<br />
Tapi tak semua erupsi akan berakibat seperti ini. Contohnya erupsi terus menerus Gunung Merapi yang telah menewaskan banyak orang. Letusan gunung berapi ini kemungkinan besar tak cukup mampu mengubah iklim dunia.<br />
Dalam soal curah hujan, berdasarkan model yang paling sederhana, suhu yang turun bakal mengurangi penguapan air dari permukaan ke udara, sementara uap air yang sedikit berarti hujan juga bekurang.<br />
Tapi keadaan itu menjadi demikian rumit karena ada faktor pola sirkulasi atmosferik, siklus perubahan suhu di samudera-samudera, dan bentuk massa tanah.<br />
Sampai detik ini kebanyakan model iklim yang mempersatukan kekuatan-kekuatan seperti perubahan di matahari dan atmosfer, telah memprediksi bahwa ledakan vulkanik akan mengacaukan musim kemarau mengingat hujan menjadi lebih sedikit di Asia Tenggara. Namun penelitian terbaru justru menunjukkan hal sebaliknya.<br />
Para ilmuwan meneliti erupsi-erupsi gunung berapi termasuk yang terjadi pada 1258 di sebuah tempat di daerah tropis dan dianggap yang terbesar dalam satu milenium (seribu tahun) terakhir, lalu erupsi Gunung Huaynaputina di Peru pada 1600-1601, Tambora pada 1815, Krakatau pada 1883, El Chichun di Meksiko pada 1982, dan Pinatubo di Filipina.<br />
Lingkar-lingkar pohon menunjukkan bahwa petak-petak besar di China selatan, Mongolia dan wilayah-wilayah sekitarnya mengering secara konsisten dalam setahun atau dua tahun mengikuti letusan-letusan itu, sementara daratan Asia Tenggara malah mendapat hujan yang kian kerap.<br />
Para peneliti mengatakan bahwa ada banyak faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhi hal itu, namun mereka mengatakan untuk saat ini akan spekulatif menyatakan secara persis mengapa peristiwa itu terjadi.<br />
“Data terakhir ini terbuka untuk menguji model-model itu. Kini, tak diragukan lagi ada banyak hal yang mesti dilakukan guna memahami bagaimana kekuatan-kekuatan yang berbeda ini berinteraksi,” kata Rosanne D’Arrigo, salah seorang dari tim peneliti tersebut.<br />
Misalnya, pada sejumlah peristiwa yang dirujuk penelitian ini, ada indikasi bahwa siklus kuat El Nino-Osilasi Selatan yang memicu perubahan cuaca di Samudera Pasifik dan Hindia serta diperkirakan amat mempengaruhi musim di Asia, mungkin telah menetralkan erupsi gunung berapi, memuat erupsi yang menetralkan, mengurangi dampak mengeringkan atau melembabkan dari erupsi vulkanik itu.<br />
Tapi itu bisa saja terjadi lewat cara lain, kata Anchukaitis.<br />
Dia melanjutkan, jika dinamika atmosferik dan erupsi vulkanik terjadi bersamaan dalam waktu yang tepat, maka keduanya bisa saling menguatkan, dan menciptakan akibat yang mengagetkan.<br />
“Kemudian Anda menghadapi banjir atau kekeringan, dan keduanya buruk untuk orang-orang yang tinggal di daerah-daerah itu,” katanya.<br />
Penelitian ini menyembulkan pertanyaan, apakah skema “teknik kebumian” untuk menetralkan perubahan iklim karena ulah manusia lewat pelepasan partikel-partikel vulkanisme buatan, akan memberikan konsekuensi-konsekuensi rumit yang tidak diharapkan.<br />
Pada akhirnya, demikian Anchukaitis, penelitian-penelitian seperti ini seharusnya membantu ilmuwan menyempurnakan model bagaimana kekuatan alam dan kekuatan buatan manusia digunakan bersamaan di masa depan untuk mengubah pola cuaca. Inilah yang menggelayuti pikiran manusia sejagat.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOkxrK9-J-rCB71H0onHmlLkky-o7GflaUZp9XA89MWuFpOwPiW9_riWBGHqApkYCpAP9vJGd5fvGG37_BIDiqtrCoGNuPO-gZckjCiKTC3kpn9Z2U_KC7DK7rBpqXswuIs5mSMNPue1s/s1600/98596_letusan-gunung-merapi-tahun-2006_300_225.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOkxrK9-J-rCB71H0onHmlLkky-o7GflaUZp9XA89MWuFpOwPiW9_riWBGHqApkYCpAP9vJGd5fvGG37_BIDiqtrCoGNuPO-gZckjCiKTC3kpn9Z2U_KC7DK7rBpqXswuIs5mSMNPue1s/s1600/98596_letusan-gunung-merapi-tahun-2006_300_225.jpg" /></a></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-17360624279103888282010-11-27T09:45:00.000+07:002010-12-04T20:43:37.142+07:00Gayus Tambunan<div style="color: white; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Gayus Halomoan P. Tambunan</b></span> (lahir di Jakarta, 9 Mei 1979; umur 31 tahun) adalah seorang Pegawai negeri sipil golongan III/a di Direktorat Jenderal Pajak. Namanya menjadi terkenal ketika komjen Susno Duadji menyebutkan bahwa Gayus mempunyai uang Rp 25 milyar direkeningnya plus uang asing senilai 60 milayr dan perhiasan senilai 14 milyar di brankas bank atas nama istrinya dan itu semua dicurigai sebagai harta Haram. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya Gayus sempat melarikan diri ke Singapura beserta anak istrinya sebelum dijemput kembali oleh Satgas mafia hukum di Singapura. Kasus Gayus mencoreng reformasi Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia yang sudah digulirkan Sri Mulyani dan menghancurkan citra aparat perpajakan Indonesia.</div><div style="color: white; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: white; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"></div><div style="color: white;">Gayus Tambunan di waktu-waktu terakhir ini menjadi buronan paling dicari oleh aparat keamanan seperti seorang teroris. Menurut beberapa teman Gayus Tambunan sewaktu sekolah, si doi ini sebenarnya biasa saja waktu sekolah, tapi urusan otak termasuk encer dan smart juga rajin bergaul dengan teman-temannya. Sayang disayang, kepandaiannya ini dimanfaatkan untuk menggerogoti uang Pajak dalam kaitannya dengan kasus markus.</div><h2 style="color: white; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Karier">Karier</span></h2><div style="color: white; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Setelah lulus dari Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara (STAN) pada tahun 2000, Gayus ditempatkan di Balikpapan. Beberapa tahun kemudian Gayus yang diangkat menjadi PNS golongan IIIA di Bagian Penelaah Keberatan pada Seksi Banding dan Gugatan Wilayah Jakarta II Ditjen Pajak. Gayus terus berkarier di Direktorat Jenderal Pajak sampai diberhentikan karena tersandung kasus mafia kasus Pajak pada tahun 2010.</div><h2 style="color: white; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Mereka_yang_diduga_terkait_kasus_Gayus">Mereka yang diduga terkait kasus Gayus</span></h2><ul style="color: white; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><li>12 Pegawai Dirjen Pajak termasuk seorang direktur, yaitu Bambang Heru Ismiarso dicopot dari jabatanya dan diperiksa.</li>
<li>2 orang Petinggi Kepolisian , Brigjen Pol Edmon Ilyas dan Brigjen Pol Radja Erizman dicopot dari jabatanya dan diperiksa.</li>
<li>Bahasyim Assifie, mantan Inspektur Bidang Kinerja dan Kelembagaan Bappenas</li>
<li>Andi Kosasih</li>
<li>Haposan Hutagalung sebagai pengacara Gayus</li>
<li>Kompol Muhammad Arafat</li>
<li>Lambertus (staf Haposan)</li>
<li>Alif Kuncoro</li>
<li>Beberapa aparat kejaksaan diperiksa</li>
<li>Jaksa Cirus Sinaga dicopot dari jabatannya sebagai Asisten Tindak Pidana Khusus Kejati Jawa Tengah, karena melanggar kode etik penanganan perkara Gayus HP Tambunan.</li>
<li>Jaksa Poltak Manulang dicopot dari jabatannya sebagai Direktur Pra Penuntutan (Pratut) Kejagung</li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-5650956544584388912010-11-03T12:22:00.000+07:002010-12-04T20:41:41.260+07:00Cara Mengobati Patah Hati<div style="color: #741b47;"><b style="font-family: inherit;">Percaya pada waktu</b></div><div style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak ada obat yang bisa mengobati rasa sakit yang dialami akibat patah hati. Pada kondisi ini biasanya orang begitu pesimis sehingga tidak sakit hati akan berlarut-larut.</span></div><div style="color: white;"><br style="font-family: inherit;" /></div><div style="color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;">Agar Anda tidak mengalami sindrom sakit hati yang berkepanjangan, maka percayalah bahwa waktu bisa membuat Anda melupakan kenangan pahit di masa lalu. Rahasianya adalah dengan berusaha menjadi lebih tegar dan menyadari bahwa hal ini bukanlah akhir dari hidup.</span></div><b style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;">Menyibukkan diri</span></b><br />
<div style="color: #ea9999;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;">Cara yang efektif untuk mengalihkan perhatian dari rasa sakit yang dialami adalah dengan menyibukkan diri. Jika selama ini setelah bekerja Anda langsung pulang, tidak ada salahnya mengikuti kelas yoga di gym dekat kantor. Dengan begitu ada dua manfaat sekaligus yang akan diperoleh, melupakan sakit hati dan membentuk tubuh menjadi lebih indah.</span></div><div style="color: #741b47;"><b style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
<span style="color: #741b47;">Kehadiran sahabat</span></b></div><div style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pada saat seperti ini, kehadiran sahabat akan sangat membantu. Habiskan akhir pekan Anda untuk bersenang-senang bersamanya. Usahakan jangan membahas hubungan Anda yang telah kandas berkali-kali, masih ada banyak topik yang seru untuk dibicarakan.</span></div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-62509540220157902672010-11-03T12:19:00.000+07:002010-11-03T12:19:48.181+07:00Cara Cepat Melupakan Mantan Kekasih<strong>1. Berhenti membandingkan</strong><br />
Jika Anda masih membandingkan mantan Anda dengan pria-pria lain, maka peluang Anda untuk melupakannya atau mendapatkan kekasih baru akan sulit. Anda perlu belajar membuka diri dan cari sisi yang berbeda dari pria lainya.<br />
<br />
<strong>2. Berhenti bernostalgia</strong><br />
Apakah Anda ingin menghabiskan sisa hidup Anda untuk menangisi mantan kekasih? Tentunya Anda menginginkan kehidupan yang lebih baik. Untuk itu segeralah bangkit dari keterpurakan dengan tidak mengingat-ngingatnya lagi. Cara sederhana untuk melupakannya adalah dengan menyingkirkan atau membuang barang kenangan Anda bersama mantan. Selain itu, hindari tempat-tempat favorit Anda dan mantan selama beberapa waktu. Cara tersebut cukup efektif untuk membantu Anda melupakan mantan.<br />
<br />
<strong>3. Hindari untuk menghubunginya</strong><br />
Walaupun Anda rindu terhadap mantan kekasih Anda dan sangat ingin meneleponnya, namun jangan pernah untuk kembali meneleponnya. Kuatkan diri Anda untuk tidak meneleponnya dan latih lah cara ini setiap harinya. Anggap saja jika seharian Anda tidak meneleponnya, Anda telah memenangkan sebuah kompetisi. Tak ada salahnya juga bila memberi hadiah pada diri sendiri<br />
<strong><br />
4. Berbelanja dan Memanjakan Diri</strong><br />
Bagi banyak wanita kegiatan shopping atau berbelanja meruapakan sebuah obat penyembuh luka hati. Walaupun risikonya anggaran bulanan Anda membengkak, namun dengan berbelanja Anda bisa lebih bahagia. <br />
<br />
Jika Anda sedang tak ingin belanja, manjakan diri dengan pergi ke salon/spa. Lakukan perawatan diri sepuasnya. Kegiatan ini cukup efektif untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan diri. Setelah selesai melakukan perawatan biasanya wanita merasa lebih cantik dan percaya diri.<br />
<br />
<strong>5. Bergaul</strong><br />
Pergi dengan teman-teman merupakan cara yang cukup efektif untuk melupakan mantan kekasih. Kalau perlu cari lingkungan pergaulan baru dengan mengikuti berbagai kegiatan baru seperti les atau kegiatan sosial. Semakin banyak pengalihan perhatian, semakin sedikit waktu Anda untuk mengingatnya. Malah, siapa tahu Anda bisa segera menemukan penggantinya.natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-15820381770981339002010-11-03T12:16:00.000+07:002010-11-03T12:16:27.590+07:00Just The Way You Are Lyrics by Bruno MarsOh her eyes, her eyes; <br />
Make the stars look like they're not shining.<br />
Her hair, her hair; <br />
Falls perfectly without her trying.<br />
<br />
She's so beautiful; <br />
And I tell her every day.<br />
<br />
Yeah; I know, I know, <br />
When I compliment her<br />
She won't believe me.<br />
And it's so, it's so<br />
Sad to think that she don't see what I see.<br />
<br />
But every time she asks me "do I look okay?", <br />
I say:<br />
<br />
When I see your face, <br />
There's not a thing that I would change.<br />
Cause you're amazing, <br />
Just the way you are.<br />
And when you smile, <br />
The whole world stops and stares for a while.<br />
'Cause girl you're amazing, <br />
Just the way you are.<br />
<br />
Yeah, Her lips, her lips; <br />
I could kiss them all day if she'd let me.<br />
Her laugh, her laugh; <br />
She hates but I think it's so sexy.<br />
She's so beautiful, <br />
And I tell her every day.<br />
<br />
Oh you know, you know, you know<br />
I'd never ask you to change.<br />
If perfect's what you're searching for<br />
Then just stay the same.<br />
<br />
So, don't even bother asking<br />
If you look okay; <br />
You know I say:<br />
<br />
When I see your face, <br />
There's not a thing that I would change.<br />
'Cause you're amazing, <br />
Just the way you are.<br />
And when you smile, <br />
The whole world stops and stares for a while.<br />
Cause girl you're amazing, <br />
Just the way you are.<br />
<br />
The way you are.<br />
The way you are.<br />
Girl you're amazing, <br />
Just the way you are.<br />
<br />
When I see your face, <br />
There's not a thing that I would change.<br />
'Cause you're amazing, <br />
Just the way you are.<br />
And when you smile, <br />
The whole world stops and stares for a while.<br />
'Cause girl you're amazing, <br />
Just the way you are.<br />
<br />
Yea-eah.<br />
<div style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><br />
More lyrics: http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/b/bruno_mars/#share</div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-29165216018021748272010-11-03T12:14:00.000+07:002010-11-03T12:14:03.060+07:00U Smile Lyrics (by Justin Bieber)Oh<br />
Yeah heah yheah<br />
Mmmmmmmmmmmmm<br />
<br />
I'd wait on you forever and a day<br />
Hand and foot<br />
Your world is my world<br />
Yeah<br />
Ain't no way you're ever gon' get<br />
Any less than you should<br />
Cause baby<br />
You smile I smile (ooh)<br />
Cause whenever<br />
You smile I smile<br />
Hey hey hey<br />
<br />
Your lips, my biggest weakness<br />
Shouldn't have let you know<br />
I'm always gonna do what they say (hey)<br />
If you need me<br />
I'll come running<br />
From a thousand miles away<br />
When you smile I smile (ooooooooh whooooaaaa)<br />
You smile I smile<br />
Heeeey<br />
<br />
Baby take my open heart and all it offers<br />
Cause this is as unconditional as it'll ever get<br />
You ain't seen nothing yet<br />
I won't ever hesitate to give you more<br />
Cause baby (hey)<br />
You smile I smile (whooooaaaa)<br />
You smile I smile<br />
Hey hey hey<br />
You smile I smile<br />
I smile I smile I smile<br />
You smile I smile<br />
Make me smile baby<br />
<br />
Baby you won't ever work for nothing<br />
You are my ins and my means now<br />
With you there's no in between<br />
I'm all in<br />
Cause my cards are on the table<br />
And I'm willing and I'm able<br />
But I fold to your wish<br />
Cause it's my command<br />
Hey hey hey<br />
<br />
You smile I smile (whoa)<br />
You smile I smile<br />
Hey hey hey<br />
You smile I smile<br />
I smile I smile I smile<br />
You smile I smile<br />
Oh<br />
<br />
You smile I smile<br />
<br />
You smile I smile<br />
<div style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><br />
More lyrics: http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/j/justin_bieber/#share</div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7854143749355687624.post-2686669705957574102010-09-28T21:14:00.000+07:002010-09-28T21:14:52.568+07:00Jepang<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b>Jepang</b> (bahasa Jepang: <span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">日本</span> <i>Nippon/Nihon</i>, nama resmi: <i>Nipponkoku</i>/<i>Nihonkoku</i>) adalah sebuah negara kepulauan di Asia Timur. Letaknya di ujung barat Samudra Pasifik, di sebelah timur Laut Jepang, dan bertetangga dengan Republik Rakyat Cina, Korea, dan Rusia. Pulau-pulau paling utara berada di Laut Okhotsk, dan wilayah paling selatan berupa kelompok pulau-pulau kecil di Laut Cina Timur, tepatnya di sebelah selatan Okinawa yang bertetangga dengan Taiwan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Menurut mitologi tradisional, <b>Jepang didirikan oleh Kaisar Jimmu pada abad ke-7 SM.</b> Kaisar Jimmu memulai mata rantai monarki Jepang yang tidak terputus hingga kini. Meskipun begitu, sepanjang sejarahnya, untuk kebanyakan masa kekuatan sebenarnya berada di tangan anggota-anggota istana, shogun, pihak militer, dan memasuki zaman modern, di tangan perdana menteri. Menurut Konstitusi Jepang tahun 1947, <b>Jepang adalah negara monarki konstitusional di bawah pimpinan Kaisar Jepang dan Parlemen Jepang.</b> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Budaya</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Budaya Jepang mencakup interaksi antara budaya asli Jomon yang kokoh dengan pengaruh dari luar negeri yang menyusul. Mula-mula Cina dan Korea banyak membawa pengaruh, bermula dengan perkembangan budaya Yayoi sekitar 300 SM. Gabungan tradisi budaya Yunani dan India, mempengaruhi seni dan keagamaan Jepang sejak abad ke-6 Masehi, dilengkapi dengan pengenalan agama Buddha sekte Mahayana. Sejak abad ke-16, pengaruh Eropa menonjol, disusul dengan pengaruh Amerika Serikat yang mendominasi Jepang setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia II. Jepang turut mengembangkan budaya yang original dan unik, dalam seni (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e), kerajinan tangan (pahatan, tembikar, persembahan (boneka bunraku, tarian tradisional, kabuki, noh, rakugo), dan tradisi (permainan Jepang, onsen, sento, upacara minum teh, taman Jepang), serta makanan Jepang.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Kini, <b>Jepang merupakan salah sebuah pengekspor budaya pop yang terbesar.</b> Anime, manga, mode, film, kesusastraan, permainan video, dan musik Jepang menerima sambutan hangat di seluruh dunia, terutama di negara-negara Asia yang lain. Pemuda Jepang gemar menciptakan <i>trend</i> baru dan kegemaran mengikut gaya mereka mempengaruhi mode dan trend seluruh dunia. Pasar muda-mudi yang amat baik merupakan ujian untuk produk-produk elektronik konsumen yang baru, di mana gaya dan fungsinya ditentukan oleh pengguna Jepang, sebelum dipertimbangkan untuk diedarkan ke seluruh dunia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b>Orang Jepang biasanya gemar memakan makanan tradisi mereka.</b> Sebagian besar acara TV pada waktu petang dikhususkan pada penemuan dan penghasilan makanan tradisional yang bermutu. Makanan Jepang mencetak nama di seluruh dunia dengan sushi, yang biasanya dibuat dari pelbagai jenis ikan mentah yang digabungkan dengan nasi dan wasabi. Sushi memiliki banyak penggemar di seluruh dunia. Makanan Jepang bertumpu pada peralihan musim, dengan menghidangkan mi dingin dan sashimi pada musim panas, sedangkan ramen panas dan shabu-shabu pada musim dingin.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Anda berminat untuk sukses ?</span></u></b> Pelajari Rahasia Sukses Orang Jepang.<br />
<b>1. Kerja Keras</b><br />
Sudah menjadi rahasia umum bahwa bangsa Jepang adalah pekerja keras. Rata-rata jam kerja pegawai di Jepang adalah 2450 jam/tahun, sangat tinggi dibandingkan dengan Amerika (1957 jam/tahun), Inggris (1911 jam/tahun), Jerman (1870 jam/tahun), dan Perancis (1680 jam/tahun). Seorang pegawai di Jepang bisa menghasilkan sebuah mobil dalam 9 hari, sedangkan pegawai di negara lain memerlukan 47 hari untuk membuat mobil yang bernilai sama. Seorang pekerja Jepang boleh dikatakan bisa melakukan pekerjaan yang biasanya dikerjakan oleh 5-6 orang. Pulang cepat adalah sesuatu yang boleh dikatakan “agak memalukan” di Jepang, dan menandakan bahwa pegawai tersebut termasuk “yang tidak dibutuhkan” oleh perusahaan.<br />
<b>2. Malu</b><br />
Malu adalah budaya leluhur dan turun temurun bangsa Jepang. Harakiri (bunuh diri dengan menusukkan pisau ke perut) menjadi ritual sejak era samurai, yaitu ketika mereka kalah dan pertempuran. Masuk ke dunia modern, wacananya sedikit berubah ke fenomena “mengundurkan diri” bagi para pejabat (mentri, politikus, dsb) yang terlibat masalah korupsi atau merasa gagal menjalankan tugasnya. Efek negatifnya mungkin adalah anak-anak SD, SMP yang kadang bunuh diri, karena nilainya jelek atau tidak naik kelas. Karena malu jugalah, orang Jepang lebih senang memilih jalan memutar daripada mengganggu pengemudi di belakangnya dengan memotong jalur di tengah jalan. Mereka malu terhadap lingkungannya apabila mereka melanggar peraturan ataupun norma yang sudah menjadi kesepakatan umum.<br />
<b>3. Hidup Hemat</b><br />
Orang Jepang memiliki semangat hidup hemat dalam keseharian. Sikap anti konsumerisme berlebihan ini nampak dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan. Di masa awal mulai kehidupan di Jepang, saya sempat terheran-heran dengan banyaknya orang Jepang ramai belanja di supermarket pada sekitar jam 19:30. Selidik punya selidik, ternyata sudah menjadi hal yang biasa bahwa supermarket di Jepang akan memotong harga sampai separuhnya pada waktu sekitar setengah jam sebelum tutup. Seperti diketahui bahwa Supermarket di Jepang rata-rata tutup pada pukul 20:00.<br />
<b>4. Loyalitas</b><br />
Loyalitas membuat sistem karir di sebuah perusahaan berjalan dan tertata dengan rapi. Sedikit berbeda dengan sistem di Amerika dan Eropa, sangat jarang orang Jepang yang berpindah-pindah pekerjaan. Mereka biasanya bertahan di satu atau dua perusahaan sampai pensiun. Ini mungkin implikasi dari Industri di Jepang yang kebanyakan hanya mau menerima fresh graduate, yang kemudian mereka latih dan didik sendiri sesuai dengan bidang garapan (core business) perusahaan.<br />
<b>5. Inovasi</b><br />
Jepang bukan bangsa penemu, tapi orang Jepang mempunyai kelebihan dalam meracik temuan orang dan kemudian memasarkannya dalam bentuk yang diminati oleh masyarakat. Menarik membaca kisah Akio Morita yang mengembangkan Sony Walkman yang melegenda itu. Cassete Tape tidak ditemukan oleh Sony, patennya dimiliki oleh perusahaan Phillip Electronics. Tapi yang berhasil mengembangkan dan membundling model portable sebagai sebuah produk yang booming selama puluhan tahun adalah Akio Morita, founder dan CEO Sony pada masa itu. Sampai tahun 1995, tercatat lebih dari 300 model walkman lahir dan jumlah total produksi mencapai 150 juta produk. Teknik perakitan kendaraan roda empat juga bukan diciptakan orang Jepang, patennya dimiliki orang Amerika. Tapi ternyata Jepang dengan inovasinya bisa mengembangkan industri perakitan kendaraan yang lebih cepat dan murah.<br />
<b>6. Pantang Menyerah</b><br />
Sejarah membuktikan bahwa Jepang termasuk bangsa yang tahan banting dan pantang menyerah. Puluhan tahun dibawah kekaisaran Tokugawa yang menutup semua akses ke luar negeri, Jepang sangat tertinggal dalam teknologi. Ketika restorasi Meiji (meiji ishin) datang, bangsa Jepang cepat beradaptasi dan menjadi fast-learner. Kemiskinan sumber daya alam juga tidak membuat Jepang menyerah. Tidak hanya menjadi pengimpor minyak bumi, batubara, biji besi dan kayu, bahkan 85% sumber energi Jepang berasal dari negara lain termasuk Indonesia . Kabarnya kalau Indonesia menghentikan pasokan minyak bumi, maka 30% wilayah Jepang akan gelap gulita Rentetan bencana terjadi di tahun 1945, dimulai dari bom atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki , disusul dengan kalah perangnya Jepang, dan ditambahi dengan adanya gempa bumi besar di Tokyo . Ternyata Jepang tidak habis. Dalam beberapa tahun berikutnya Jepang sudah berhasil membangun industri otomotif dan bahkan juga kereta cepat (shinkansen) . Mungkin cukup menakjubkan bagaimana Matsushita Konosuke yang usahanya hancur dan hampir tersingkir dari bisnis peralatan elektronik di tahun 1945 masih mampu merangkak, mulai dari nol untuk membangun industri sehingga menjadi kerajaan bisnis di era kekinian. Akio Morita juga awalnya menjadi tertawaan orang ketika menawarkan produk Cassete Tapenya yang mungil ke berbagai negara lain. Tapi akhirnya melegenda dengan Sony Walkman-nya. Yang juga cukup unik bahwa ilmu dan teori dimana orang harus belajar dari kegagalan ini mulai diformulasikan di Jepang dengan nama shippaigaku (ilmu kegagalan). Kapan-kapan saya akan kupas lebih jauh tentang ini<br />
<b>7. Budaya Baca</b><br />
Jangan kaget kalau anda datang ke Jepang dan masuk ke densha (kereta listrik), sebagian besar penumpangnya baik anak-anak maupun dewasa sedang membaca buku atau koran. Tidak peduli duduk atau berdiri, banyak yang memanfaatkan waktu di densha untuk membaca. Banyak penerbit yang mulai membuat man-ga (komik bergambar) untuk materi-materi kurikulum sekolah baik SD, SMP maupun SMA. Pelajaran Sejarah, Biologi, Bahasa, dsb disajikan dengan menarik yang membuat minat baca masyarakat semakin tinggi. Saya pernah membahas masalah komik pendidikan di blog ini. Budaya baca orang Jepang juga didukung oleh kecepatan dalam proses penerjemahan buku-buku asing (bahasa inggris, perancis, jerman, dsb). Konon kabarnya legenda penerjemahan buku-buku asing sudah dimulai pada tahun 1684, seiring dibangunnya institute penerjemahan dan terus berkembang sampai jaman modern. Biasanya terjemahan buku bahasa Jepang sudah tersedia dalam beberapa minggu sejak buku asingnya diterbitkan.<br />
<b>8. Kerjasama Kelompok</b><br />
Budaya di Jepang tidak terlalu mengakomodasi kerja-kerja yang terlalu bersifat individualistik. Termasuk klaim hasil pekerjaan, biasanya ditujukan untuk tim atau kelompok tersebut. Fenomena ini tidak hanya di dunia kerja, kondisi kampus dengan lab penelitiannya juga seperti itu, mengerjakan tugas mata kuliah biasanya juga dalam bentuk kelompok. Kerja dalam kelompok mungkin salah satu kekuatan terbesar orang Jepang. Ada anekdot bahwa “1 orang professor Jepang akan kalah dengan satu orang professor Amerika, hanya 10 orang professor Amerika tidak akan bisa mengalahkan 10 orang professor Jepang yang berkelompok” . Musyawarah mufakat atau sering disebut dengan “rin-gi” adalah ritual dalam kelompok. Keputusan strategis harus dibicarakan dalam “rin-gi”.<br />
<b>9. Mandiri</b><br />
Sejak usia dini anak-anak dilatih untuk mandiri. Irsyad, anak saya yang paling gede sempat merasakan masuk TK (Yochien) di Jepang. Dia harus membawa 3 tas besar berisi pakaian ganti, bento (bungkusan makan siang), sepatu ganti, buku-buku, handuk dan sebotol besar minuman yang menggantung di lehernya. Di Yochien setiap anak dilatih untuk membawa perlengkapan sendiri, dan bertanggung jawab terhadap barang miliknya sendiri. Lepas SMA dan masuk bangku kuliah hampir sebagian besar tidak meminta biaya kepada orang tua. Teman-temen seangkatan saya dulu di Saitama University mengandalkan kerja part time untuk biaya sekolah dan kehidupan sehari-hari. Kalaupun kehabisan uang, mereka “meminjam” uang ke orang tua yang itu nanti mereka kembalikan di bulan berikutnya.<br />
<b>10. Jaga Tradisi &amp; Menghormati Orang Tua</b><br />
Perkembangan teknologi dan ekonomi, tidak membuat bangsa Jepang kehilangan tradisi dan budayanya. Budaya perempuan yang sudah menikah untuk tidak bekerja masih ada dan hidup sampai saat ini.<br />
Budaya minta maaf masih menjadi reflek orang Jepang. Kalau suatu hari anda naik sepeda di Jepang dan menabrak pejalan kaki , maka jangan kaget kalau yang kita tabrak malah yang minta maaf duluan.<br />
Sampai saat ini orang Jepang relatif menghindari berkata “tidak” untuk apabila mendapat tawaran dari orang lain. Jadi kita harus hati-hati dalam pergaulan dengan orang Jepang karena “hai” belum tentu “ya”. </div>natasya zefanyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17531779594320320284noreply@blogger.com0