Active and Passive Sentences

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Definition

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.

Active Form        : In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

Passive Form     : In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

Analysis

1)      Simple present tense

Active   : S + v1 (s/es) + O

Passive                 : O + to be + v3 + by S

2)      Present continuous

Active   : S + to be + v1 ing + O

Passive                 : O + to be + being + v3 + by S

3)      Present perfect

Active   : S + have/has + v3 + O

Passive : O + to be + being + v3 + by S

4)      Present perfect continuous

Active   : S + have/has + been + v1 ing + O

Passive : O + have/has + been + v3 + by S

5)      Past tense

Active   : S + v2 + O

Passive : O + was/were + v3 + by S

6)      Past continuous

Active   : S + was/were + v1 ing + O

Passive : O + was/were + being + v3 + by S

7)      Past perfect

Active   : S + had + v3 + O

Passive : O + had + been + v3 + by S

8)      Past perfect continuous

Active   : S + had been + v1 ing + O

Passive : O + had been + being + v3 + by S

9)      Simple future

Active   : S + modals + v1 + O

Passive : O + modals + be + v3 + by S

10)   Future continouos

Active   : S + modals be + v1 ing + O

Passive : O + modals be + being + v3 + by S

11)   Future perfect

Active   : S + modals + have + v3 + O

Passive : O + modals + have been + v3 + by S

12)   Future perfect continouos

Active   : S + modals + have been + v1 ing + O

Passive : O + modals + have been + being + v3 + by S

13)   Past future

Active   : S + modals past + v1 + O

Passive : O + modals past + be + v3 + by S

14)   Past future continouos

Active   : S + modals past + be + v1 ing + O

Passive : O + modals past + be + being + v3 + by S

15)   Past future perfect

Active   : S + modals past + have + v3 + O

Passive : O + modals + have been + v3 + by S

16)   Past future perfect continouos

Active   : S + modals past + have been + v1 ing + O

Passive : O + modals past + have been + being + v3 + by S

Example

a.       Simple present

Active   :  She sweeps the floor everyday

Passive : The floor is swept by her everyday

b.      Present continouos

Active   :  Sheila is sweeping the floor now

Passive : The floor is being swept by Sheila now

c.       Present perfect

Active   : Jane has swept the floor

Passive : The floor has been sweept by Jane

d.      Past tense

Active   : He swept the floor

Passive : The floor was swept by him

e.      Past continouos

Active   : They were sweeping the floor

Passive : The floor was being swept by them

Reported Speech

§     Definition

Reported Speech (also referred to as 'indirect speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

§     Analysis

ü  If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause is in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.

ü  If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained.

§     Examples

Tenses	Direct / Reported Speech
Simple present:	I said, “She is busy”. - I said she was busy.
Present continuous:	I said, “I am working now”. - I said I was working now
Simple past:	I said, “She was here this morning”. - I said she was here this morning. or I said she had been here this morning.
Past continuous:	I said “She was studying all yesterday” - I said she was studying all yesterday. or I said she had been studying all yesterday
Present perfect:	I said, “She has worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.
Past perfect:	I said, “She had worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.
Future:	I said, “She will work here from July.” - I said she would work here from July.
Future continuous:	I said, “We’ll be living here for 6 months.” - I said we would be living here for 6 months.
Can:	I said, “She can play the piano well.” - I said she could play the piano well.

Source :

1.       Buku Pintar Tenses by Anik M. Indriastuti, M.Hum

2.       Practical Complete – English Grammar by M. J. Lado (Titik Terang)

3.       Buku Hafalan Luar Kepala Bahasa Inggris SMP – Forum Tentor

Adverbial Clause

§     Definition

Adverbial clause (klausa keterangan) is words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbial clause can be divided into :

1.       Clause of time

2.       Clause of place

3.       Clause of manner

4.       Clause of comparison

5.       Clause of contrast

6.       Clause of cause

7.       Clause of result

8.       Clause of purpose

9.       Clause of condition

§     Analysis

1.       Clause of time → to explain the time and is indicated by the use of the conjunction:  when, whenever, while, since, before, after, until, till, as, as soon as, now, now that, and once.

2.       Clause of place → to explain the place and is indicated by the use of the conjunction:  where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, anyplace, everyplace, and no place.

3.       Clause of manner → explain how something is done and is indicated by the use of the conjunction:  as, as if, and as tough.

4.       Clause of comparison → to comparing two things that are balanced or two things that are not balanced.

5.       Clause of contrast → show the relationship of concessions or the relation of two opposites and is indicated by the use of the conjunction: but, though, although, even though, and while.

6.       Clause of cause → to explain the reasons why something is mentioned in the main clause happens or processed and is indicated by the use of the conjunction: because, since, so, as, for, now, now that, and on the ground that.

7.       Clause of result → clause that stating relations outcome from something that is stated in the main clause. Something that is stated in the main clause is a cause of something that mentioned in the adverbial clause. That is indicated by the use of the conjunction: so, so that, and so + adjective + that.

8.       Clause of purpose → to explain the purpose of something that is stated in the main clause. That is indicated by the use of the conjunction: in order that, so, so that, in the hope that, and in the end that.

9.       Clause of condition → to show relations the requirements that something will happens when the conditions required be fulfilled.

§     Examples

·         We may begin writing our paper whenever we are already. (clause of time)

·         The old man lives where his wife used to live. (clause of place)

·         We always do as our teacher tells us. (clause of manner)

·         This town twenty years ago was not as busy as it is now. (clause of comparison)

·         His proposal was rejected on the ground that he falsified a document. (clause of cause)